EMERGY ANALYSIS OF GRAIN PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN JIANGSU AND SHAANXI PROVINCES

Efficiency and sustainability of grain production are now important in China. In this study, the grain production systems of Jiangsu and Shaanxi Provinces were compared, to analyze their efficiency and sustainability in terms of utilization of natural resources, inputs of purchased energy and materials, and outputs. Flows of energy and materials between environment and human society were identified, and the natural and human work involved in generating inputs as materials or energy were valued in terms of equivalent amount of solar energy required for their production using emergy method. The results showed environmental resources were continually playing a less important role in the systems, when inorganic subsidiary emergy inputs increased drastically while organic ones decreased or increased little. Deterioration of input emergy structure affected the systems‘ efficiency and sustainability, resulting in emergy investment ratios and environmental loading ratios increasing while yield ratios and sustainability indices decreasing. In general, efficiency and sustainability of grain production in Jiangsu are worse than those in Shaanxi. This analysis also suggested that inorganic subsidiary emergy should be introduced properly, and peasants in Jiangsu should utilize natural conditions wisely while those in Shaanxi pay enough attention to soil and surface water conservation.     

21世纪中国主要粮食产区的空间格局特征

Grain production is an important issue for the national economy and the livelihood of the Chinese people. It serves as the foundation of national development and social stability. China is a major grain producer as well as a major grain consumer. The grai…     

1993—2017年气候变化对西藏谷物单产的定量影响

气候变化对农业的影响是全球关注的热点问题之一,青藏高原对气候变化尤其敏感,但气候变化对青藏高原农业产量的定量影响缺乏系统研究。为定量评估气候变化对西藏谷物单产的影响,本文使用气象数据与年鉴统计数据,选取了固定效应模型、差分模型和线性去趋势模型3类统计模型,分析了1993—2017年间气候变化（最低气温、降水量、生长度日和太阳辐射）对西藏县（区）级、市级和自治区3个尺度的谷物单产的影响。结果表明：西藏整体对于温度（最低气温和生长度日）的敏感性大于降水量和太阳辐射。各项气候因子对西藏谷物单产的整体影响为正影响,但不同区域对气候因子的敏感程度和显著性不同。除了生长度日对于拉萨为负影响以外,最低气温、降水量和太阳辐射对于所有市均为正影响。气候趋势对于西藏整体谷物单产的影响为正影响,不同模型计算结果集中在1.5%~4.8%区间内。3类模型中固定效应模型稳定性最好,线性去趋势模型好于差分模型,差分模型在引入气候因子间的交互项后模型稳定性降低。本文有助于西藏实施更加有空间针对性的农业适应气候变化措施,以应对气候造成的青藏高原农业生态系统变化。     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定谷物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯

针对大米、小麦、玉米和黄豆等谷物样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)检测的前处理过程较为复杂,消耗溶剂多,易导致部分挥发性化合物损失而影响分析的准确度,本文优化了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)提取大米、小麦、玉米和黄豆等谷物样品中OCPs和PCBs的条件,比较了凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和固相萃取柱(SPE)两种净化方式净化样品的效果,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器实现了样品中17种OCPs和8种PCBs单体的系统分析.结果表明,选择二氯甲烷-丙酮混合溶剂(体积比1∶1),采用ASE萃取,同时加入弗罗里硅土在线净化,可满足样品提取需求;除了黄豆和黑豆等豆制品样品需采用GPC结合SPE的净化方法外,大米、小麦、玉米等大部分谷物样品采用SPE净化即可满足测定需求.采用弗罗里硅土SPE净化,仅用9 mL正己烷-乙酸乙酯淋洗液(体积比1∶1)即可将所有目标物回收,克服了有机试剂用量大、同时使用多种试剂及试剂毒性大的问题.添加低、高两个浓度水平0.69 μg/kg和5.52μg/kg,OCPs和PCBs单体的平均回收率为71.0％ ～ 112.0％,相对标准偏差为3.6％～16.7％(n=7);方法检出限为0.07 ～0.30μg/kg,低于国家标准方法的检出限.该方法净化效率高,操作简单,分析成本较低,适用于大批量谷物样品中多种OCPs和PCBs的快速分析.     

Distribution of Selenium in Corn and Its Relationship With Soil Selenium in Yutangba Mini—Landscape

Within the range of 0.01 km mini-landscape in Yutangba, Enshi, Hubei Province, the content of Se in corn is very high. The average Se contents in root, stem, leaf and seed of corn were estimated to be 4.36±3. 27mg/kg, 3.08±2.24 mg/kg, 9.74±7.62mg/kg, and 8.07±5.02mg/kg, respectively. The research results show that there is a significantly positive correlation between corn selenium and soil selenium, and thus according to the distribution of Se in corn, three subregions can be divided in Yutangba. The content of selenium in corn is controlled by that of soil. A little variation in selenium content in soil will lead to a considerable corresponding variation in corn. So it is deduced that the organs that contain relatively high Se in plants may be used as a sensitive selenium indicator of Se levels in the environment.