Factors controlling the spatial and temporal variability of dust emissions

New field measurement techniques are allowing researchers to better understand how surficial properties affect the temporal and spatial variability of dust emissions. In this paper we review the current understanding of the dust emission process and present new field measurements that examine how three surface properties： roughness, crust strength, and temporal changes of surface properties affect dust emissions. These data were collected using three unique measurement systems developed by our team. Roughness exerts considerable control on the entrainment threshold and emissions of dust from a surface. We have carried out a series of experiments designed to quantify roughness effects on aeolian sediment entrainment and transport in a shear stress partitioning framework. Our results show that the model of Raupach et al. （1993） provides very good agreement with available data to predict the amount of shearing stress on the intervening surface among roughness elements, relatively independent of their size and distribution. However, element size affects the aeolian sediment transport process beyond that attributable only to the reduction of surface shear stress caused by the roughness. Additional interactions of the elements with the saltation cloud appear to reduce the transport efficiency and potentially dust emissions as well. The effect of crust strength on dust emissions was assessed using a newly-developed pin penetrometer, which can measure crust strength in-situ. Previous researchers suggested that variation in crust strength even within a small area could lead to considerable spatial variability in dust emissions. Our measurements showed that crust strength is highly variable over a scale of centimeters. This variability may help to explain some of the observed scatter in field measurements of dust emissions for what appear to be homogeneous surfaces. Variability of dust emissions in time and space was also evaluated using a new instrument, the Portable In-Situ Wind Erosion Lab （PI-SWERL） developed to measure dust emissions from soil surfaces.     

灰尘对档案材料的损害及防治

灰尘对档案材料的损害及防治唐来林（山西省气象档案馆０３０００６）李建英（山西水利电力勘测设计研究院０３００２４）自古以来，灰尘是档案材料的大敌，灰尘的防治，是档案保护技术的重要课题之一。我省地处黄土高原，气候异常干燥，风沙较大，灰尘的防治问题尤为重要...     

中国城市地表灰尘中重金属的富集状况及空间分布特征

在统计中国城市地表灰尘中重金属含量的已有相关文献基础上,探讨了中国地表灰尘中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd五种元素的空间分布特征及各省份的富集状况。搜集到的各地区地表灰尘重金属含量的研究数据分别为69、84、86、79、58个。对研究数据剔除异常值后分别进行克里金插值和统计各省份地表灰尘重金属含量的平均值,并与土壤背景值作对比计算出累积指数,得到中国地表灰尘中重金属的空间分布状况和各省份的富集水平。结果表明：中国地表灰尘中重金属含量普遍较高,且各地区重金属含量水平存在不同程度上的差异。就整体而言,Cu、Pb、Zn三种重金属含量的空间分布较为相似,由高到低均大致呈南—北走势,而Cr含量呈中部高两侧低的趋势,Cd并无明显趋势。各省份平均值与土壤背景值相比,除Cr在山东省和贵州省无富集状况以外,各省的地表灰尘中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd均具有一定的富集。其中,湖南省的Cd和Pb均富集最为严重,分别是土壤背景值的177.95和42.82倍;Cr在福建省富集最为严重,为背景值的7.11倍;广东省的Cu富集水平最高,是背景值的10.35倍,而Zn在江西省的富集水平最高,超出背景值39.13倍。     

Mass Concentration and Mineralogical Characteristics of Aerosol Particles Collected at Dunhuang During ACE-Asia

Measurements were performed in spring 2001 and 2002 to determine the characteristics of soil dust in the Chinese desert region of Dunhuang, one of the ground sites of the Asia-Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia). The mean mass concentrations of total suspended particle matter during the spring of 2001 and 2002 were 317 μg m?3 and 307 μg m?3, respectively. Eleven dust storm events were observed with a mean aerosol concentration of 1095 μg m?3, while the non-dusty days with calm or weak wind speed had a background aerosol loading of 196 μgm?3 on average in the springtime. The main minerals detected in the aerosol samples by X-ray diffraction were illite, kaolinite, chlorite, quartz, feldspar, calcite and dolomite. Gypsum, halite and amphibole were also detected in a few samples. The mineralogical data also show that Asian dust is characterized by a kaolinite to chlorite (K/C) ratio lower than 1 whereas Saharan dust exhibits a K/C ratio larger than 2. Air mass back-trajectory analysis show that three families of pathways are associated with the aerosol particle transport to Dunhuang, but these have similar K/C ratios, which further demonstrates that the mineralogical characteristics of Asian dust are different from African dust.     

泉州市街道灰尘重金属污染评价

对泉州市街道灰尘中8种重金属元素Cu,Zn,Pb,Ni,Cr,Cd,Mn,Co的含量水平和分布特征进行分析,并采用地积累指数法对其污染状况进行评价。结果表明,泉州市街道灰尘中上述重金属元素平均含量分别是泉州市土壤背景值的7.12,27.36,12.80,6.94,2.29,28.49,1.64,3.2倍;与国内外城市街道灰尘中重金属平均含量相比,泉州市街道灰尘中上述重金属元素平均含量处于中等—偏高水平;Cr,Cu,Pb在工业区含量明显高于其它功能区,而Cr,Cu,Co,Ni含量在农业区最低。地累积指数评价结果表明,Zn为偏重度污染,Cd为中度污染,Cu,Pb,Ni为偏中度污染,Co为轻度污染,Cr,Mn为无污染。     

包头市街道灰尘重金属空间分布及生态风险

采集包头市街道灰尘样品,利用X-Ray荧光光谱仪测定样品中Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn和V的含量,采用ArcGIS空间分析技术研究街道灰尘重金属的空间分布规律,运用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,评价包头市街道灰尘重金属的污染程度及生态风险。结果表明:包头市街道灰尘中除Ni外,其他重金属元素的平均含量均高于其区域土壤背景值。街道灰尘中Co、Cr、Pb的含量是区域土壤背景值的4.0～10.7、1.8～5.8和1.5～8.7倍。灰尘中重金属元素含量的空间差异较大,Co和Cr的高值区主要分布在工业企业附近;Cu、Zn和Pb的高值区主要分布在交通流量较大的商业中心和家居建材城附近。灰尘中各重金属的污染水平依次为CoCrPbZnCuVMnNi。Co处于中等潜在生态风险,而其他重金属均处于低潜在生态风险。灰尘中重金属总的潜在生态风险属于中等。     

Accumulation and risk assessment of heavy metals in dust in main living areas of Guiyang City,Southwest China

Guiyang is a famous tourist city located in southwestern China. In this study, dust from eleven residential areas, seven city squares, and nine schools was collected to measure the heavy metal levels and evaluate its risk. At each sampling site, 4-5 sub-samples were taken as a bulk sample. All samples were air-dried, ground, passed through a 0.105 mm nylon sieve, digested with HNO3-HC104 to determine the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn by ICP-MS, and digested with 1：1 aqua regia to determine As by AFS. The results show that the concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in dust of Guiyang City follow normal distribution with means of 16.1, 1.54, 138, 47.7, 129 and 479 mg/kg, respectively. Levels of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn exceed the background level of soil in Guizhou Province by 33%, 96%, 100%, 78%, 96%, and 100%, respectively. Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are heavily accumu- lated in dust of living areas with accumulation factors of 4.10, 5.12, 4.12 and 5.51, respectively. City square pos- sesses the highest geometric means of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The risks of heavy metal exposure to teenagers are not obvious and in an order ofAs〉Pb〉Cu〉Ni〉Zn （Cd）.     

金华市街道灰尘磁化率与交通因素的关系

通过对浙江省金华市街道灰尘磁化率测试,从主干道与非主干道磁化率的对比、十字路口与非十字路口磁化率的比较以及磁化率与路网密度相关分析三个方面,定量研究金华市街道灰尘磁化率及其与交通因素的关系。结果表明：灰尘样品磁化率（χlf）变幅为127.57×10^-8~853.91×10^-8 m³ · kg^-1,平均值为322.55×10^-8 m³ · kg^-1,高于本地土壤磁化率;频率磁化率变幅为0.67%~3.99%,平均值为1.61%;磁化率与频率磁化率呈负相关关系;主干道灰尘的磁化率大于非主干道,十字路口灰尘磁化率大于非十字路口;灰尘磁化率和路网密度呈正相关,金华市街道灰尘磁化率可以指示交通污染的分布状况。     

城市地表灰尘重金属研究进展及展望

城市地表灰尘是城市环境科学研究的对象之一,在对国内外有关城市灰尘概念界定研究成果进行总结的基础上,对城市地表灰尘提出新的概念和新的认识。城市地表灰尘是城市生态环境中具有环境指示作用的地表颗粒物,是含有重金属、多环芳烃等多种污染物的源与汇。对国内外地表灰尘重金属的含量水平、时空分布特征、迁移循环、赋存形态及生物有效性等方面的研究成果进行比较系统的阐述;灰尘中重金属的来源识别的方法主要有GIS空间分析,元素示踪技术,统计学方法等。并提出在今后的研究中应进一步完善城市地表灰尘中重金属的时间变化规律、地表灰尘在环境中的滞留时间、粒径的划分以及区域人体健康影响及风险评估模型优化四个方面的研究。     

Dusts from dry lakebeds： Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of potential health concern

Dry lakebeds can be important sources of dusts that are potentially deleterious to the health of chronically exposed populations. The lakebeds accumulate and can concentrate natural and anthropogenic contaminants transported in particulate and dissolved form from the surrounding watersheds. The lakebed sediments are commonly enriched in respirable-size, detrital clay particles that can be disturbed to form dust. Evaporative concentration of ephemeral lake waters following intermittent wet periods, and of near-surface ground waters beneath some lakebeds, can enrich the sediments in diverse alkaline sulfate, carbonate, and chloride salts. Chemical reactions between alkaline evaporative waters and detrital silicates in the sediments can produce secondary silicates such as zeolites. Lakebeds with abundant salts and intermingled silicates can be highly susceptible to wind erosion, and repeated regeneration of salts in surface sediments may maintain a sustained source of salt-rich dusts. Potential health concerns arise in part from the large load of respirable particles emanating from some dry lakebeds. These concerns are exacerbated if the dusts have elevated metals, particularly metals enriched in soluble evaporative salts. For example, Owens-a dry lake, California, which was prior to mitigation the largest source of PM10 dust in the continental United States, contains elevated As in its dusts. Chemical leach tests using water and simulated gastric and lung fluids indicate that dry lakebed sediments and dusts can contain bioaccessible As, Mn, Al, Zn, Cu, Pb, U, W, Mo, and other potentially toxic metals. Another possible health issue is the occasional presence in lake sediments of secondary erionite, a fibrous zeolite associated with asbestos-related diseases. The potential presence of pathogens, as well＇as enrichments, bioaccessibility, and toxicity of pesticides and other organic pollutants in the dusts must also be evaluated. Earth scientists can help assess potential health effects of dry lakebed dusts by developing predictive models for dust generation and dust toxicity based on the geology,