浅议我国水权制度的构建问题

4月22日，是人类关爱地球家园的节日——“世界地球日”。今年是第37个“世界地球日”，我国宣传主题是“善待地球——珍惜资源、持续发展”。本刊的以下四篇章，即为此而组稿。     

中国与北极密不可分

斯瓦尔巴德群岛首府朗伊尔宾的博物馆里，保存着几张已经发黄的纸张，上面密密麻麻地写着许多国家的名字，CHINA（中国)赫然在内。原来这就是著名的《斯瓦尔巴德条约》签字国的名单。     

人生驿站

给一只铅笔的忠告铅笔即将被装箱运走,制造者很不放心,把它带到一旁跟它说:"在进入这个世界之前,我有句话要告诉你,如果你能记住这些话,就会成为最好的铅笔。"一、你将来能做很多大事,     

迎接下一个甲子

<正>岁月更迭,两个甲子已经悄然而过。甲午战争却仍然能在人们脑海中形成过电影一般的画面感。120年,甲午战争中的点点滴滴,基本也都有了确切的故事。从战争刚结束时国民愤怒清政府的腐败无能开始,到如今即使是屡屡代表清政府签订不平等条约的李鸿章,也有了越来越客观的历史评价。屈辱的历史已经     

The key indicators of transboundary water apportionment based on international laws and cases

Transboundary water, more competitive utilization and uncertain availability under the globalization trend, the issue of its apportionment which directly impacts national benefits of each riparian state is becoming one of the important topics in the world. Water is scarce in China, the most important upstream state in Asia, and this task has to be thought over in the coming future. Based on ＂International Freshwater Treaties Database＂ （1820-2007） by Oregon State University, and publications and reports on transboundary water utilization and management since 1999, 28 indicators of water apportionment adopted in 49 international treaties and cases in 1864-2002 are divided into 6 types, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the adopted indicators are analyzed in order to find the key indicator（s） of transboundary water apportionment. The major results include： the major adopted indicators, have significant differences among 5 regions/continents, the indicators at rank first and second place in the developed region （North America and Europe） according to the adopted times are ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂, but in the developing region （Asia, Africa and South America）, the ranking order of the above two indicators is reversed; the major adopted indicators in the watersheds with insufficient water are ＂mean annual runoff＂ and ＂keeping minimum water flow＂, the ones in the watersheds with sufficient water are ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂maximum water intake＂; the international treaties signed from the first phase to the fourth phase, the developing process shows a progress of ＂fewer-increasing a lot-decreasing rapidly-equation basically＂, the regional distribution of the treaties shifts mainly from the developed region to the developing one, especially to Asia and Africa; the major adopted indicators shifts from ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂ in 1864-1945, to ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂maximum water intake＂ in 1946-1971, then to ＂hydraulic facility operation＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂ in 1972-1991, and finally to ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂ in 1992-2002, the process shows similar a loop. Finally, the key indicator on transboundary water apportionment can be determined as ＂keeping minimum water flow＂.     

基于ET技术的水权分配

通过研究减少蒸腾蒸发（ET）,来达到“真实”节水,以馆陶县为例,通过计算馆陶县ET值,利用ET技术进行水权分配。为以后馆陶县水资源开发利用和保护提供理论数据,对水资源的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。     

河西走廊疏勒河流域水资源管理问题分析

从水资源管理体制、配置程序、市场化管理等方面探讨了河西走廊疏勒河流域水资源管理及存在的问题。目前流域已建成较健全的用水者协会体系,水价和水权在不断调整以适应水资源管理的需求。其管理存在以下问题：受地方行政、企业等多方权力博弈的影响,地表水和地下水处于双线管理状态,未能实现流域水资源的全面统一管理;用水者协会的职能未得到充分发挥,公众参与水资源管理不积极;流域内水价、水权制度不完善。建议如下：应在甘肃省水利厅和酒泉市政府之间形成协调机制,以协调各相关方的权益,完善流域管理局和地方政府统一协调的水资源管理体系,实现流域水资源的集成管理;加强流域机构立法,实现流域水资源的统一管理与调配;将协会的职责和义务融入到村委会的职务中,并完善水价制度,建立水权交易市场,以调动公众的自我管理和实现水资源的高效利用。     

流域水资源初始产权界定初探一以黑河流域中游为例

随着水资源短缺程度的加剧,可交易水权制度逐渐成为当今世界水资源管理制度发展的新方向.水资源初始产权是水资源管理的基础和前提.在干旱区内陆河流域,产权初始配置要在生态环境可持续的前提下,坚持公平、效益相结合的分配目标和配置原则.通过建立初始水权配置指标体系,对黑河流域进行实地问卷调查,在此基础上对用户调查结果进行专家判断修正,应用层次分析法研究了各分配指标的权重分布.以黑河流域张掖地区为例的界定结果表明,除上游的肃南县和山丹县外,其余各县市的实际用水量都超过了各自界定的初始水权,这种差别为水资源产权交易管理提供了现实依据,为开展流域上游的生态保护补偿提供了理论基础.     

保罗·理查兹(Paul Richards)荣获哈利·菲尔丁·里德奖

颁奖词非常荣幸也非常高兴由我宣读保罗.理查兹荣获美国地震学会最高荣誉奖的里德奖(Harry Fielding Reid Medal)的颁奖词。我认为通常情况下,有资格获得这份荣誉的学者不但是一个才华出众的人,更是一个出色运用他的才华的人。     

中国的北冰洋情缘

在世界聚焦于地球最后一块净土——南极之时,北冰洋仿佛离开了人们的视线。事实上,北冰洋与中国一直有着不解之缘……中国人第一次在地图上看到北冰洋,是在坤舆万国全图上。这份由万历年间意大利传教士利玛窦向明神宗朱翊钧献上