西双版纳原始森林寻趣

去年2月，我随中国地理学会考察团，奔赴云南西双版纳考察。到版纳的第一天，我们一早，就从版纳的首府景洪市出发。西双版纳的原始森林属于热带季雨林型，在旱季，部分上层乔木会落叶，因此，在地上积了一层厚厚的枯枝落叶层。一脚踏上去，就畚有一个深深的陷窝，加上森林里特别阴湿，行走相当艰苦。刚走了半小时，天下起了大雨。我们躲进了附近唯一可避风雨的“蛇园”。“蛇园”里生活着3000多条蛇，它们或挂于树干，或浮于水面，或钻入地洞，一动不动在冬眠。     

中甸火山-岩浆弧燕山期热林复式岩体演化 与Ar-Ar 定年及铜钼矿化

产于中甸印支期火山一岩浆弧北东缘的燕山期热林复式岩体,从早至晚边部到中部划分出主期由细粒似斑状二长花岗岩→中粒似斑状二长花岗岩和边部补充期二长花岗斑岩5个侵入体组成的同源岩浆细粒→中粒→斑状结构演化系列.岩体岩石化学、稀土和微量元素总体反映为同熔型花岗岩特征.在复式岩体Ⅱ号侵入体中粒似斑状二长花岗岩中获黑云母Ar-Ar同位素等时年龄81.7±1.1Ma,坪年龄82.01±0.86 Ma,属燕山晚期侵入体.铜钼矿主要产于晚期侵入体中,边部细粒花岗岩和角岩内带具有细脉状黄铜矿、团块状辉钼矿化;中部发生二长花岗(斑)岩热液蚀变充填交代辉钼矿化--辉钼矿石英细脉、中粗晶浸染状;以及沿裂隙发育岩浆期后含矿热液充填交代辉钼矿化,构成燕山期花岗斑岩铜钼成矿亚系列.成因类型:蚀变花岗斑岩、石英脉型和角岩型3种,指示了燕山期二长花岗斑岩类具有较好的铜钼找矿潜力.     

Dynamics and relationships of Ca, Mg, Fe in litter, soil fauna and soil in Pinus koraiensis-broadleaf mixed forest

The Liangshui Natural Reserve in Heilongjiang Province of China was selected as the study area. The authors collected the samples of forest litter （Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, Acer mono, Betula costata, and mixed litter）, soil in humus horizon （0--5cm） and soil horizon （5-20cm）, and soil macrofauna （Oligochaeta, Geophiloporpha and Juliformia） from 2001 to 2002. The role of soil macrofauna in the material cycle was analyzed through comparing the macro-element contents among various parts of the subsystems and using enrichment index （El）. The results indicate that dynamic changes of various litters are very complicated. The contents of Fe in each kind of litter increase firstly, and then decrease in the study period. The changes of macro-element contents are greater in the broad-leaf litter than in the coniferous litter, and the mixed litter is in the middle level, but the differences among them are not significant. The contents of Mg and Fe in humus are higher than those in soil, but the contents of Ca in soil are higher than that in humus. The dynamic changes of macro-element contents in soil and soil fauna are not consistent with those in litter. The diplopod presented obvious enrichment of Ca and Mg （E1〉1）, but it does not significantly enrich Fe. Earthworm has a stronger enrichment ability of Fe than diplopod and scolopendra, but E1〈1. Soil fauna can make great influences on the material cycle of the subsystems.     

福建德化县九户林陶瓷土(瓷石)成矿地质条件及找矿方向

九户林陶瓷土(瓷石)矿床为碱长花岗岩脉型矿床,矿体赋存在晚白垩世碱长花岗岩体中,严格受张性断裂构造控制,矿体两侧具钾长石化带-纳长石化带-云英岩化带等蚀变分带,矿体与岩体、断裂构造组成了三位一体的成矿条件,属岩浆期后结晶分异作用形成的热液型矿床,成矿条件独特,晚白垩世碱长花岗岩(κργK2)岩体中,是该区瓷土(瓷石)找...     

Biomarkers in the Molar Tooth （MT）-Bearing Limestones in the Jilin-Liaoning Area of China

The origin of Molar Tooth (MT) carbonates has been argued for more than 100 years, which are a kind of Proterozoic carbonates especially composed of microsparite with ptygmatically folded and sheet-like structures. Biomarkers detected in the microcalcsparite from the Wanlong and Xingmincun formations in the Jilin-Liaoning area showed there are abundant normal alkanes, isoprenoids, hopanes, steranes, alkylmethylcyclohexanes, and alkyleyclohexanes, indicating a diversity of biological source: long-chain isoprenoids, the major components of chlorophyll, such as C19, C20, a kind of major biomarkers synthesized early by isoprenoid monomers; hopanes a type of characteristic biomarkers from prokaryote, such as archaebacteria and cyanobacteria; sterane a biomarker for eukaryote; and two kinds of alkanes with C17, C18 as the main peaks representing aquatic bacteria and with C23, C24 as the main peaks representing fungi, respectively. Biomarker analysis showed that MT is the result of bacterial and algal activities, which is a kind of organisms between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, reproducing well in normal or slightly saline sea water under weak oxidation-reduction conditions, resulting in rapid deposition of calcite as microsparite clue to some mechanisms.     

品字形桩林防护结构对泥石流冲击桥墩作用的影响

减缓和消除泥石流对桥墩的冲击作用对大桥安全至关重要。以品字形桩林作为防护结构,结合泥石流运动特征参数和桥墩宽度等因素,提出了一种桩林结构尺寸的设计原则。先通过模拟泥石流中大块石对不同型式桩林结构的冲击作用获得了桩林结构的最佳布置方式,然后采用SPH(光滑粒子流体动力学)-FEM(有限元)结合的方法分析了含大块石泥石流对设置品字形桩林结构情况下桥墩的冲击作用。结果表明：大块石与泥石流浆体共同撞击桥墩的冲击力为3 843 kN,远大于无防护时纯泥石流浆体对桥墩冲击力1 840 kN和有防护时的1 452 kN;桩间距3.0 m、桩排距1.0 m是品字形桩林结构最为合理稳固的布置方式;设置防护结构时桥墩所受泥石流浆体的冲击力峰值、墩底应力峰值和数值模拟t=8.0 s时墩底位移峰值相比于无防护状态下分别减小了约21.1%、79.0%和29.4%。采用品字形桩林防护结构对于桥墩受泥石流冲击破坏有相当显著的防护作用。     

秦岭及黄土区的栎林与发育气候

栎林是华北平原和关中平原占绝对优势的夏绿阔叶林，栎林类型多，发育的气候条件差异较大，它主要是温暖气候或间冰期气候的植被，但也有的栎林发育的接近冰期的寒冷条件下，区分不同的栎林对深入研究第四纪气候具重要的意义，本文根据不同栎林中伴生的植物差异，论述了不同栎林的组成特点及其和气候的关系，辽东栎林的孢粉组合特征。