Failure time variation derived from R–S relation: the role of the static stress perturbation

In general, earthquake cycle related to earthquake faulting could include four major processes which could be described by (1) fault locking, (2) self-acceleration or nucleation (possible foreshocks), (3) coseismic slip, and (4) post-stress relaxation and afterslip. A sudden static stress change/perturbation in the surrounding crust can advance/delay the fault instability or failure time and modify earthquake rates. Based on a simple one-dimensional spring-slider block model with the combination of rate-and-state-dependent friction relation, in this study, we have approximately derived the simple analytical solutions of clock advance/delay of fault failures caused by a sudden static Coulomb stress change applied in the different temporal evolution periods during an earthquake faulting. The results have been used in the physics-based explanation of delayed characteristic earthquake in Parkfield region, California, in which the next characteristic earthquake of M 6.0 after 1966 occurred in 2004 instead of around 1988 according to its characteristic return period of 22 years. At the same time, the analytical solutions also indicate that the time advance/delay in Coulomb stress change derived by the dislocation model has a certain limitation and fundamental flaw. Furthermore, we discussed the essential difference between rate- and state-variable constitutive (R–S) model and Coulomb stress model used commonly in current earthquake triggering study, and demonstrated that, in fact, the Coulomb stress model could be involved in the R–S model. The results, we have obtained in this study, could be used in the development of time-dependent fault interaction model and the probability calculation related to the time-dependent and renewal earthquake prediction model.     

地震预警中的单台综合定位方法

基于日本基盘强震观测网中某个地震事件首个地震台记录的震级在4级以上、震中距为30~100 km的强震数据,运用B-Δ法和Voronoi多边形法相结合的方法计算震中距。结果表明,B-Δ法和Voronoi多边形法相结合计算出的震中距与单用B-Δ法的计算结果相比,单台定位所用时间相同,但其定位精度明显提高。     

Diverse signatures of deformation, pressure-temperature and anatexis in the Rayagada sector of the Eastern Ghats granulite terrane

The granulites and granitoids around Rayagada in the north central part of the Eastern Ghats belt display structural and petrological differences when compared to similar rocks from Chilka and Jenapore in the northern Eastern Ghats. The impress of F₁ deformation is almost erased while that ofF ₃ is muted. The metapelites have a restricted chemical range and are non-migmatitic. There are two varieties of leptynitic granitoids, one of which is interlayered with yet another S-type granite containing cordierite. The maximum recorded temperature from geothermometers is 780‡C, but the magnitude of pressure is comparatively low, the highest value being 6.3 kbar. Another distinctive feature of the pressuretemperature record is the absence of evidence of decompression in the lower realms of pressure and temperature. Metamorphic reactions that could be identified indicate cooling, a noteworthy reaction being the sillimanite to andalusite transformation. Integration of data from pressure-temperature sensors suggest cooling at two pressures, 6 and 5 kbar. The generation of two types of granitoids from metapelites is interpreted to be due to intersection with solidus curves for pelitic and graywacke-like compositions, constrained by recent experiments, at 6 and 5 kbar. The first melting occurred on a prograde path while the second one was due to increase in temperature during exhumation at tectonic rates. Thus inspite of a broad similarity in the geodynamic scenario across the northern part of the Eastern Ghat belt, differences in exhumation rates and in style of melting were responsible for producing different signatures in the Rayagada granulite terrane.     

低温分解钾长石的热力学研究

通过不同温度、浓度、分压下ΔrGm的计算和不同条件下对平衡常数K的影响,作出ΔrGm～—T、ΔrGm—C、ΔrGm—P图,把热力学的一些规律应用于钾长石低温分解中,对参与低温分解钾长石的各物质能量转换进行分析判断反应进行的方向和限度,对钾长石的分解有指导作用。从热力学角度分析,在低温条件下分解钾长石的反应是可能的。     

华北太古宙高压基性麻粒岩的两类PT轨迹及其构造意义:矿物化学和变质作用研究

在华北克拉通桑干构造带中,分布有许多太古宙高压基性麻粒岩,呈大小不等的岩块产于强烈变形的TTG片麻岩、二辉麻粒岩、混合岩和花岗岩中.高压麻粒岩富含石榴石斑晶,斑晶内部钙铝榴石含量明显高于边缘,一般可达25%～28%.许多石榴石含有单斜辉石包体,A12O3含量高达7.4%～11.2%,相应的契尔马克分子比例为12%～18%.这些成分特征指示了早期相对较高的变质压力.石榴石斑晶广泛发育后成合晶反应边,是Pl-Opx-Amp-Mt组合的放射状细粒交生体,邻接的单斜辉石和石榴石斑晶边缘与后成合晶组合近于反应平衡,单斜辉石Al2O3含量小于5%,石榴石边缘的钙铝榴石含量也大大低于核部.这些都显示了压力较低条件下石榴石和单斜辉石的分解.温度压力的计算结果揭示出高压麻粒岩的两类PT轨迹,它们早期的变质作用都表现出较高的压力(1.2～1.45GPa).一部分高压麻粒岩具有顺时针的PT轨迹,并显示升温减压和近等温减压过程.它们很可能形成于晚太古代某种型式的俯冲和碰撞构造过程.另一部分高压麻粒岩具有逆时针的PT轨迹,显示降温降压过程,并且早期变质温度高达1050C.它们很可能来自碰撞之前的岛弧下地壳底部.在碰撞阶段的后期,这些不同成因的高压麻粒岩都被卷入了与碰撞构造直接相关的桑干构造带,经历共同的构造抬升过程.桑干构造带可以认为是构造缝合带.     

火星O2(a1Δg)气辉高光谱分辨辐射传输特性研究

1.27 μm波段的氧分子近红外气辉是火星大气最重要的气辉辐射之一, 该气辉高光谱分辨辐射传输模型的建立对于研制火星探测载荷, 反演火星大气的风场温度场与臭氧浓度, 以及研究火星空间物理, 有重要的科学价值与工程意义.在研究火星大气O₂(a¹Δ_g)气辉光化学反应模型的基础上, 提出了O₂(a¹Δ_g)气辉体辐射率的计算方法, 并建立了火星大气气辉辐射传输理论; 通过与用于研究火星大气特征的光谱学探测仪(Spectroscopy Spectrograph for the Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars, SPICAM)的实测数据进行对比, 验证了所建立的火星O₂(a¹Δ_g)气辉高光谱分辨辐射传输模型的准确性; 针对火星与地球大气的O₂(a¹Δ_g)气辉, 在体辐射率、自吸收效应, 以及临边辐射光谱特性三个方面进行了系统深入的比较, 对比结果表明, 火星大气由于密度低、氧气丰度小, 其自吸收效应可以忽略不计, 但其O₂(a¹Δ_g)气辉辐射强度与地球大气相当, 可以用于火星大气的风场温度场与臭氧浓度的探测与反演.

     

基于C-DTS的土壤含水率分布式测定方法研究

主动加热光纤布拉格光栅法(Actively Heated Fiber-Optic method based on Fiber Bragg grating method,AHFO-FBG method)因具有体积小、测温精度高、准分布式测量、抗电磁干扰、耐腐蚀等优点,近年来成为含水率测量技术的研究热点。研究该技术的率定方法对提高含水率测量的精准性和适用性是十分关键的,但现有研究中均未涉及到此内容。因此,本文采用自主研发的AHFO-FBG传感器对黄土开展了一系列率定试验,研究了ΔT_max和ΔT_cum两种率定方法的含水率率定结果,对此两种方法进行了对比分析。同时,进一步探究了不同加热时长和不同加热功率对ΔT_max法和ΔT_cum法率定结果的影响。研究结果表明：ΔT_max和ΔT_cum法均可得到良好的含水率率定结果,ΔT_max法的RMSE比ΔT_cum法高0.001 m³·m^-3,ΔT_cum法的测量优势不是很显著。在相同加热功率下,ΔT_max法和ΔT_cum法均在较短加热时间下的测量误差较小,且加热时间越短,ΔT_cum法较ΔT_max法的优势越明显;在相同加热时间下,低功率(5~10 W·m^-1)时ΔT_max法的RMSE较小,高功率(15~35 W·m^-1)时ΔT_cum法的RMSE较小,且适当的增加热功率有助于减少含水率率定误差。研究成果为AHFO-FBG技术实现土体含水率的精确测量和进一步应用提供了依据。     

Characterization of Regional Combustion Efficiency using ΔXCO: ΔXCO2 Observed by a Portable Fourier-Transform Spectrometer at an Urban Site in Beijing

Measurements of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, CO₂ (XCO₂) and CO (XCO), were performed throughout 2019 at an urban site in Beijing using a compact Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) EM27/SUN. This data set is used to assess the characteristics of combustion-related CO₂ emissions of urban Beijing by analyzing the correlated daily anomalies of XCO and XCO₂ (e.g., ΔXCO and ΔXCO₂). The EM27/SUN measurements were calibrated to a 125HR-FTS at the Xianghe station by an extra EM27/SUN instrument transferred between two sites. The ratio of ΔXCO over ΔXCO₂ (ΔXCO:ΔXCO₂) is used to estimate the combustion efficiency in the Beijing region. A high correlation coefficient (0.86) between ΔXCO and ΔXCO₂ is observed. The CO:CO₂ emission ratio estimated from inventories is higher than the observed ΔXCO:ΔXCO₂ (10.46 ± 0.11 ppb ppm^?1) by 42.54%–101.15%, indicating an underestimation in combustion efficiency in the inventories. Daily ΔXCO:ΔXCO₂ are influenced by transportation governed by weather conditions, except for days in summer when the correlation is low due to the terrestrial biotic activity. By convolving the column footprint [ppm (μmol m^–2 s^–1)^–1] generated by the Weather Research and Forecasting-X-Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport models (WRF-X-STILT) with two fossil-fuel emission inventories (the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) and the Peking University (PKU) inventory), the observed enhancements of CO₂ and CO were used to evaluate the regional emissions. The CO₂ emissions appear to be underestimated by 11% and 49% for the MEIC and PKU inventories, respectively, while CO emissions were overestimated by MEIC (30%) and PKU (35%) in the Beijing area.     

不同地区温度变化对缺血性心脑血管疾病影响的比较研究

本文综合探究了日平均气温、24h变温和气温日较差变化对缺血性心脑血管疾病发病人数的影响,采用分布滞后非线性模型(DLNM)与广义相加模型(GAM),分别探析了2015—2016年安徽省阜南县和贵州省锦屏县日平均气温、24h变温和气温日较差与缺血性心脑血管住院病人数的暴露—反应关系。结果表明:气温日较差大于15℃缺血性心脑血管疾病相对风险剧烈升高,并呈现明显的即时效应,且其相对风险随滞后日增加和气温日较差增加达到叠加效应的峰值。当24h内气温下降7℃以上,缺血性心脑血管疾病相对风险开始明显上升,下降10℃以上呈现显著的即时效应。统计分析发现,两县在春季达到上述阈值概率最高,因此缺血性心脑血管疾病住院人数也在春季达到峰值,特别是雨水至清明节气时段为两县住院人数共同最高峰时段;值得注意的是,地处西部的锦屏县夏季缺血性心脑血管疾病发病人数也较多。此外,降温过程与节气转换也是导致两县缺血性心脑血管疾病住院人数阶段性增多的主要天气与气候因素。     

A counterclockwise PTt path of high-pressure/low-temperature rocks from the Coastal Cordillera accretionary complex of south-central Chile: constraints for the earliest stage of subduction mass flow

Within the metamorphic basement of the Coastal Cordillera of central Chile, the Western Series constitutes the high-pressure (HP)/low-temperature (LT) part (accretionary prism) of a fossil-paired metamorphic belt dominated by metagreywackes. In its eastern part, blocks derived from small lenses of garnet amphibolite with a blueschist facies overprint are locally intercalated and associated with serpentinite and garnet mica-schist. Continuously developed local equilibria were evaluated applying various independent geothermobarometric approaches. An overall anticlockwise PT path results. The prograde path evolved along a geothermal gradient of 15 °C/km, passing the high-pressure end of greenschist facies until a transient assemblage developed within albite-epidote amphibolite facies transitional to eclogite facies at peak metamorphic conditions (600–760 °C, 11–16.5 kbar; stage I). This peak assemblage was overprinted during an external fluid infiltration by an epidote blueschist facies assemblage at 350–500 °C, 10–14 kbar (stage II) indicating nearly isobaric cooling. The retrograde equilibration stage was dated with a Rb–Sr mineral isochron at 305.3±3.2 Ma, somewhat younger (296.6±4.7 Ma) in an adjacent garnet mica-schist. Localized retrograde equilibration continued during decompression down to 300 °C, 5 kbar. The retrograde evolution is identical in the garnet amphibolite and the garnet mica-schist.

The counterclockwise PT path contrasts the usual clockwise PT paths derived from rocks of the Western Series. In addition, their ages related to stage II are the oldest recorded within the fossil wedge at the given latitude. Its “exotic” occurrence is interpreted by the path of the earliest and deepest subducted material that was heated in contact with a still hot mantle. Later accreted and dehydrated material caused hydration and cooling of the earliest accreted material and the neighbouring mantle. After this change also related to rheological conditions, effective exhumation of the early subducted material followed at the base of the hydrated mantle wedge within a cooler environment (geothermal gradient around 10–15 °C/km) than during its burial. The exotic blocks thus provide important time markers for the onset of subduction mass circulation in the Coastal Cordillera accretionary prism during the Late Carboniferous. Continuous subduction mass flow lasted for nearly 100 Ma until the Late Triassic.