多灾种时空耦合网络构建：从多维网到单顶点网

基于1970—2017年秦岭南北72个站点气象数据,以“地理时空分析-小波相干分析-时空耦合网络”为方法框架,对秦岭南北干旱-热浪时空耦合特征进行分析;进而以干旱-热浪时空耦合网络为基础,完善时空网络连边规则,拓展单顶点网分析方法,再认识多灾种时空耦合的群聚群发效应。结果表明：① 全球变暖背景下,秦岭南北降水模态逐渐由20世纪80年代雨涝主导向干旱主导转变,同时热浪在2010年前后经历第2个谷值期后快速增加,加剧了区域干旱-热浪耦合风险。② 秦岭南北干旱-热浪变化具有同步性,但是不同时段显著周期存在差异。其中,在20世纪70—80年代初,秦岭南北干旱-热浪4~8 a周期同步减弱,并向低频2~4 a周期转变;后期同步耦合增强时段有2个,分别是1995—2002和2012—2017年。在空间格局上,秦岭以北和汉江谷地为秦岭南北干旱-热浪耦合影响关键区域,而丹江口水库附近、嘉陵江流域、秦岭南坡中段为干旱-热浪耦合波动区。③ 在研究方法上,地理时空分析为秦岭南北干旱-热浪时空耦合提供基本事实判断,小波相干可定量干旱-热浪多时间尺度耦合关系,多灾种时空耦合网络可解释多灾种“平静-爆发”现象,识别干旱-热浪耦合稳定区和波动区,三种方法相辅相成,初步形成面向多灾种时空耦合分析方法体系。     

基于多灾种自然灾害风险的长白山地区生态安全综合评价

以长白山地区为研究区,以DEM数据、气象站实测数据、遥感影像数据、专题地图数据和统计数据作为数据源,结合长白山地区气象灾害、火山灾害和地质灾害风险水平的分布数据,基于PSR模型建立了基于多灾种自然灾害风险的生态安全评价指标体系。采用极差法、层次分析法、综合指数法进行了基于多灾种自然灾害风险水平的长白山地区生态安全综合评价。结果表明：长白山地区基于多灾种自然灾害风险的生态安全等级呈现出明显的空间差异性,整体上呈现出由中部向东西两端和南北两端逐渐递减的趋势。各等级面积大小排序为：临界安全等级>较安全等级>安全等级>较不安全等级>不安全等级。各县市基于多灾种自然灾害风险的生态安全水平大小排序为：长白县>安图县>抚松县>和龙市>临江市,同时各县市的等级构成也有所差异。整体上看,长白山地区基于多灾种自然灾害风险的生态安全水平以临界安全等级为主,生态环境质量受到了一定程度的破坏,驱动力因素主要是自然灾害和人为因素。     

基于GIS的山区村镇多灾种耦合风险评估

为解决在山区村镇多灾种综合风险评估中忽略灾害间相互作用、对村镇防灾减灾规划指导缺乏的问题,提出基于GIS的多灾种耦合风险评估模型。本文以神农架林区为研究对象,选取山洪、泥石流和滑坡3种主要自然灾害为评价对象,从危险性、易损性两个方面,致灾因子、孕灾环境、承载体暴露性与敏感性、防灾减灾能力四个角度建立评价体系,基于ArcGIS 10.1空间分析技术进行多灾种风险耦合分析,利用风险矩阵完成综合评估。结果显示:神农架自然灾害风险高值区主要分布在林区西部和南部大部分地区、东北部局部地区。该模型提高了多灾种耦合风险评估的准确度、角度精度,改进后的模型具有较高的实用价值。     

Multi-hazard performance assessment of a transfer-plate high-rise building

Many urban areas are located in regions of moderate seismicity and are subjected to strong wind. Buildings in these regions are often designed without seismic provisions. As a result, in the event of an earthquake, the potential for damage and loss of lives may not be known. In this paper, the performance of a typical high-rise building with a thick transfer plate (TP), which is one type of building structure commonly found in Hong Kong, is assessed against both earthquake and wind hazards. Seismic- and wind-resistant performance objectives are fi rst reviewed based on relevant codes and design guidelines for high-rise buildings. After a brief introduction of wind-resistant design of the building, various methodologies, including equivalent static load analysis (ESLA), response spectrum analysis (RSA), pushover analysis (POA), linear and nonlinear time-history analysis (LTHA and NTHA), are employed to assess the seismic performance of the building when subjected to frequent earthquakes, design based earthquakes and maximum credible earthquakes. The effects of design wind and seismic action with a common 50-year return period are also compared. The results indicate that most performance objectives can be satisfi ed by the building, but there are some objectives, such as inter-story drift ratio, that cannot be achieved when subjected to the frequent earthquakes. It is concluded that in addition to wind, seismic action may need to be explicitly considered in the design of buildings in regions of moderate seismicity.     

Preliminary identification of earthquake triggered multi-hazard and risk in Pleret Sub-District (Yogyakarta,Indonesia)

Yogyakarta is one of the large cities in Central Java, located on Java Island, Indonesia. The city, and the Pleret sub-district, where the study has taken place, is prone to earthquake hazards, because it is close to several seismically active zones, such as the Sunda Megathrust and the active fault known as the Opak Fault. Since a devastating earthquake of 2006, the population of the Pleret sub-district has increased significantly. Thus, the housing demand has increased, and so is the pace of low-cost housing that does not meet earthquake-safety requirements, and furthermore are often located on unstable slopes. The local alluvial material covering a jigsaw of unstable blocks and complex slope is conditions that can amplify the negative impacts of earthquakes. Within this context, this study is aiming to assess the multi-hazards and risks of earthquakes and related secondary hazards such as ground liquefaction, and coseismic landslides. To achieve this, we used geographic information systems and remote sensing methods supplemented with outcrop study and existing seismic data to derive shear-strain parameters. The results have revealed the presence of numerous uncharted active faults with movements visible from imagery and outcrops. show that the middle part of the study area has a complex geological structure, indicated by many unchartered faults in the outcrops. Using this newly mapped blocks combined with shear strain data, we reassessed the collapse probability of buildings that reach level >0.75 near the Opak River, in central Pleret sub-district. Classifying the buildings and from population distribution, we could determine that the highest risk was during nighttime as the buildings susceptible to fall are predominantly housing buildings. The secondary hazards follow a slightly different distribution with a concentration of risks in the West.     

基于GridMet模型的浙江省气候宜居性评价

为了更好地评价浙江省的气候宜居性,采用气象数据、地理数据和社会经济数据,选取起伏地形下的人体舒适度指数作为气候舒适度评价的指标,选取高温、连阴雨和台风这3个灾害进行多灾种自然灾害综合风险评价,并将舒适度评价和灾害风险评价的结果叠加,最终得到气候宜居性分布结果。结果表明：浙江省大部分地区都处于气候宜居性适宜区,全省气候宜居性以较高等级为主,特别是春季和秋季气象灾害少,气候尤为舒适。省内气候宜居性处于较高和高等级的区域集中分布在北部和中部偏西的平原地区,东部沿海地区气候宜居性尚可但须注意防范气象灾害的发生。气候宜居性适宜区整体上由西南部向东北逐渐递增。