The Dependence of Water Exchanges between the Kuroshio Water and Its Surroundings on the Characteristics of the Kuroshio‘s Meanders

Observation of fluid parcel pathways in the Kuroshio Stream revealed a striking crossstream pattern associated with the Kuroshio‘‘ s meanders. In order to understand the observed pattern, a two-dimensional kinematic model of a meandering jet was developed which could be used to examine the relationship between streamfunction patterns and fluid parcel trajectories. The experiments designed to investigate the dependence of the water exchanges between the Kuroshio water and its surroundings on the characteristics of the Kuroshio‘‘s meanders involved the downstream speed,phase speed and the amplitude of other propagating waves. The results suggested that fluid parcels could cross the meandering jet to and fro; and that the water exchanges between the Kuroshio and its surroundings increased with a) increasing meander amplitude, b) decreasing downstream speed, and c) increasing wave phase speed. The results also showed that when the meandering jet was disturbed by other propagating waves, more effective water exchanges could be induced.     

Variations of the Kuroshio Axis South of Kyushu in Relation to the Large Meander of the Kuroshio

The characteristics of the Kuroshio axis south of Kyushu, which meanders almost sinusoidally, are clarified in relation to the large meander of the Kuroshio by analyzing water temperature data during 1961–95 and sea level during 1984–95. The shape of the Kuroshio axis south of Kyushu is classified into three categories of small, medium, and large amplitude of meander. The small amplitude category occupies more than a half of the large-meander (LM) period, while the medium amplitude category takes up more than a half of the non-large-meander (NLM) period. Therefore, the amplitude and, in turn, the curvature of the Kuroshio axis is smaller on average during the LM period than the NLM period. The mean Kuroshio axis during the LM period is located farther north at every longitude south of Kyushu than during the NLM period, with a slight difference west of the Tokara Islands and a large difference to the east. A northward shift of the Kuroshio axis in particular east of the Tokara Islands induces small amplitude and curvature of the meandering shape during the LM period. During the NLM period, the meandering shape and position south of Kyushu change little with Kuroshio volume transport. In the LM formation stage, the variation of the Kuroshio axis is small west of the Tokara Islands but large to the east due to a small meander of the Kuroshio. In the LM decay stage, the Kuroshio meanders greatly south of Kyushu and is located stably near the coast southeast of Kyushu. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

青海砂西油田古近系下干柴沟组下部沉积相定量研究

随着油田开发难度的加大，开发中仅仅把储集砂体的沉积相类型确定下来是远远不够的，还要求准确地预测砂体的宽度、长度等定量参数，这就是本文所指的沉积相定量研究。本文根据大量钻井资料，在地层精细划分对比的基础上，对青海砂西油田E31辫状河三角洲平原和曲流河三角洲平原进行了定量研究，确定了分流河道砂体的宽度、宽/厚比等参数。研究表明，本区辫状河三角洲平原的分流河道砂体宽多为 1200-3000m，厚多为5-10m，宽/厚比200-280。曲流河三角洲平原的分流河道砂体宽多为 400-700m，厚多为3-6m，宽/厚比80-110。辫状分流河道砂体比曲流分流河道砂体普遍宽、厚是由于辫状分流河道频繁摆动改道引起砂体的横向拼合和垂向叠置所致。这种河道可称复合河道。利用“厚度中心法”可区分复合河道与单河道。由于不同沉积相的砂体宽度不同，在油田开发中井网部署方案应该不同。     

冲积-河流相层序地层模式--以济阳坳陷新近系为例

从层序边界分析人手，对层序类型体系域类型等进行了研究，认为冲积-河流相地层体系域划分具4分性，即发育有低位体系域、扩张体系域、高位体系域，当基准面缓慢下降时，还可发育收缩体系域．同时，根据济阳坳陷新近系沉积特征，指出各体系域对应的沉积体系及相类型，认为低位体系域以侵蚀下切、冲积扇．辫状河沉积为主；扩张体系域由辫状河向曲流河过渡；高位体系域时期以曲流河为主．其次，根据构造演化、古气候变化、古地形等研究认为，尽管新近纪济阳坳陷进入坳陷发育时期，断裂活动明显减弱，但是构造运动对层序发育仍有一定影响；根据古气候分析认为，新近纪经历了北亚热带温湿气候，中亚热带温湿气候，北亚热带干旱气候等阶段．这种气候变化导致了馆陶组沉积早、中期河流纵横交错，辫状河道发育，馆陶组沉积后期逐渐向曲流河过渡；明化镇组沉积期河道相对不发育．由古地形及物源供给分析，认为古地形差异的变化与物源供给对济阳坳陷新近系层序发育、层序样式等有一定程度影响．     

地震资料曲流河辫状河油气储层识别与预测

曲流河、辫状河储层在我国的陆相盆地中广泛分布。由于曲流河相沉积砂体的单层薄、横向变化；辫状河相沉积的砂体迁移快、垂向加积等特点，增加了在勘探过程中对其分辨的难度。因此，对地震资料曲流河、辫状河油气储层的识别与预测，必须综合多种与其相关的地质资料，结合地震数据体中给出的信息来判断分析，以达到提高分辨率的目的。     

The alluvial architecture of a suspended sediment dominated meandering river: the Río Bermejo,Argentina

The alluvial architecture of fine‐grained (silt‐bed) meandering rivers remains poorly understood in comparison to the extensive study given to sand‐bed and gravel‐bed channels. This paucity of knowledge stems, in part, from the difficulty of studying such modern rivers and deriving analogue information from which to inform facies models for ancient sediments. This paper employs a new technique, the parametric echosounder, to quantify the subsurface structure of the Río Bermejo, Argentina, which is a predominantly silt‐bed river with a large suspended sediment load. These results show that the parametric echosounder can provide high‐resolution (decimetre) subsurface imaging from fine‐grained rivers that is equivalent to the more commonly used ground‐penetrating radar that has been shown to work well in coarser‐grained rivers. Analysis of the data reveals that the alluvial architecture of the Río Bermejo is characterized by large‐scale inclined heterolithic stratification generated by point‐bar evolution, and associated large‐scale scour surfaces that result from channel migration. The small‐scale and medium‐scale structure of the sedimentary architecture is generated by vertical accretion deposits, bed sets associated with small bars, dunes and climbing ripples and the cut and fill from small cross‐bar channels. This style of alluvial architecture is very different from other modern fine‐grained rivers reported in the literature that emphasize the presence of oblique accretion. The Río Bermejo differs from these other rivers because it is much more active, with very high rates of bank erosion and channel migration. Modern examples of this type of highly active fine‐grained river have been reported rarely in the literature, although ancient examples are more prevalent and show similarities with the alluvial architecture of the Río Bermejo, which thus represents a useful analogue for their identification and interpretation. Although the full spectrum of the sedimentology of fine‐grained rivers has yet to be revealed, meandering rivers dominated by lateral or oblique accretion probably represent end members of such channels, with the specific style of sedimentation being controlled by grain size and sediment load characteristics.     

河北柳江盆地柳江村上石盒子组露头研究

目前资料对柳江盆地上石盒子组沉积特征的描述比较简略,针对这种情况,本团队详细考察了柳江村小北山露头,以期揭示上石盒子组更多的沉积特征。通过对3条剖面进行分层,并详细描述岩层的岩性特征和沉积构造,认为该露头发育有侧积体和典型的牛轭湖,为曲流河沉积体系。根据河相经验公式算出其弯曲度大于1. 7,为高弯度曲流河。在演化过程中,曲流河的规模逐渐变小,同时经历了频繁改道和迁移。此项研究对于实习教学和河流构型研究均有参考价值。     

河流相沉积的河型转换特征与控制因素及其油气地质意义 ——以南苏丹Melut盆地Ruman地区坳陷期Jimidi组为例

河流相砂体是陆相含油气盆地的重要储层类型,其河型的时空转换不仅是研究盆地演化的直接证据,更是精准评价与预测油气储层的核心内容,已成为近年来国内外沉积研究的热点之一.以Melut盆地Ruman地区坳陷期Jimidi组为例,通过开展层序划分、岩相类型与岩相组合分析、高分辨率储层反演、以及砂体平面展布分析,结果表明:1)坳陷...     

桑塔木地区三叠系曲流河三角洲存在证据与沉积特征

为了厘清桑塔木地区三叠系砂体成因类型,指导油气勘探,利用岩心、钻测井、分析化验及高精度三维地震资料,研究碎屑岩的粒度、结构、沉积构造、砂体的空间展布、地震反射特征等.结果表明:三叠系TⅡ油组具有粒度细、分选磨圆好、发育小型交错层理、波状层理及水平层理,呈指状产出,地震剖面上具有前积反射构型,典型相干体地层切片见曲流特征的特点,是典型的曲流河三角洲沉积;同时,研究区曲流河三角洲发育2种亚相6种微相,其中平原亚相发育天然堤、水上分流河道及河漫沼泽微相,前缘亚相发育水下分流河道、河口坝和支流间湾3种微相;区内TⅡ油组以发育北部和西南部2个主要方向的曲流河三角洲为主,其中北部三角洲规模大,平原和前缘亚相较发育,西南部三角洲以前缘亚相为主,平原亚相以分流河道沉积为主,前缘亚相主要发育分流河道和河口坝微相.该三角洲的形成与地形坡度及气候的变化密切相关.     

河岸带蜿蜒性与植被密度对潜流驻留时间的复合效应

潜流驻留时间是反映潜流交换、溶质迁移转化、生物组成、生态过程的重要特征变量。应用双循环可控式河岸带模型，以NaCl为示踪剂，深入研究了河岸带蜿蜒性与植被密度对潜流驻留时间的复合效应；应用量纲分析和主成分分析法，探析了潜流驻留时间的关键影响因子及其作用程度和敏感性。结果表明：①河岸带植被密度对潜流驻留时间具有促进作用，但存在一定的阈值。②潜流驻留时间分布与河岸蜿蜒形态呈类镜像效应；潜流驻留时间在河岸带蜿蜒波不同位置差异明显，迎水面平均驻留时间约为背水面的1/2。③河岸带蜿蜒性与植被密度是影响潜流驻留时间的关键因子，总作用程度达91.07%。潜流驻留时间对蜿蜒性最敏感，对植被密度敏感性较弱，对复合因子的敏感性介于两者之间；迎水面内组合因子对潜流驻留时间具有共同促进效应，背水面内组合因子对潜流驻留时间具有抑制和促进双重效应。