Seismic intensity investigation of the 2001 M=6.0 Yajiang-Kangding earthquake and discussion on its background of seismogenic structures

Introduction According to the determination of the state seismic station network, a strong earthquake with magnitude of 6.0 occurred at 08h09min, February 23, 2001 (Beijing Time) in the mountainous area of Garze, Sichuan Province in southwest China. The epicenter is at 101?6E, 29?4N. The seismic region is just located on combining part among six counties. After the occurrence of the earthquake, an investigating team from the Seismological Bureau of Sichuan Province started off to the sei…     

2001年四川省雅江-康定6.0级地震烈度考察及发震构造背景雏议

2001年2月23日四川省发生的6.0级地震，其宏观震中位于雅江县与康定县之间的高山峡谷地带．极震区烈度可达Ⅷ 度，Ⅷ 度区、Ⅶ 度区和Ⅵ 度区面积分别为180km2，1472 km2和3998 km2，等震线分布总体形态呈椭圆形，长轴近南北向．震区建筑物普遍受损，极震区山地灾害较为严重．初步分析认为，此次地震的发生与理塘断裂和玉农希断裂的长期活动有关，主干断裂活动造成的地壳应力调整和集中，最终在块体内部的次级断裂上释放而产生地震．      

Magnitude-Intensity Relationships in the Ibero-Magrebhian Region

In this paper we present magnitude (Ms) – magnitude(mb) and magnitude-intensity relationships which areconsidered the most adequate in the Ibero-Maghrebianregion. This work is based on selected samples ofrecently revised events with magnitude mb assigned bythe Instituto Geográfico Nacional (I.G.N.) and Msassigned by I.S.C and N.E.I.C., and isoseismal mapsfrom 142 events. Using these data, we have obtainedone magnitude (Ms) – magnitude (mb) relationship, twomagnitude (mb and Ms) assignment relationships viaepicentral intensity (I₀), and ten magnitude (mb andMs) assignments relationships via macroseismicinformation: four using Ambraseys' methodology (1985)and six using the isoseismal area of degree III, IV and VI.According to the obtained results it could be concluded that historical magnitude assignment with lesser uncertainties are those obtained via macroseismic information using magnitude-intensity relationships with Ambraseys' methodology (1985). The magnitude-isoseismal area assignment relationships have, in most cases, great differences depending on the degree of the isoseismal area used. Magnitude assignments via epicentral intensity have the highest uncertainties. Geographic regionalization of the relationshipshas been studied but the highest correlations and statistical significance are obtained when we fit all the Ibero-Maghrebian region data.Finally we have used the results obtained in this workto assign magnitude to some important historicalearthquakes in the Ibero-Maghrebian region: the 1755Lisbon earthquake, the 1680 Málaga earthquake, the1829 Torrevieja earthquake and the 1884 Arenas del Reyearthquake. According to our relationships andmethodology we have assigned an Ms value of 9.3 ±0.6 to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake (its mb magnitudecannot be estimated due to the saturation of the mbscale), an mb value of 6.3 ±0.4 and an Ms valueof 6.9 ± 0.6 to the 1829 Torrevieja earthquake, anmb value of 6.2 ± 0.4 and an Ms value of 6.4 ±0.6 to the 1680 Málaga earthquake and an mb valueof 6.1 ± 0.4 and an Ms value of 6.5 ± 0.6 tothe 1884 Arenas del Rey earthquake.     

Synthetic isoseismals of two Californian earthquakes

Comparison between the observed and the synthesized isoseismals of the relatively small earthquake of Sierra Madre (1991) and of the big one in San Francisco (1906), California, suggests that sometimes the areal shapes of the territories damaged by earthquakes might be synthetically traced out with a simple kinematic function which, following the asymptotic approach, takes into account some gross features of the sources. The rather good fits presented herein may indicate the possibility of substituting in some regions the so-called empirical attenuation relations, which are currently used in regional seismic hazard studies, by new more source-dependent algorithms. Conversely, the technique could help in retrieving information about sources of earthquakes from the pre-instrumental era, (i) in areas where it could be proved that the effects due to the travel paths and to local site conditions are negligible, (ii) when the detailed modelling techniques nowadays available are inapplicable due to lack of data, or (iii) for saving time and money. It seems that the algorithm gives rather stable results.Formerly: LIVIO SIRO.     

基于Levenberg-Marquardt法的中国大陆地区地震烈度分布快速评估的偏差特性分析

地震灾害发生后,可根据地震烈度衰减关系,利用地震灾害快速评估系统初步评估烈度分布范围。为评定烈度分布结果的偏差特性,利用中国西部地区488个震例和中国东部地区182个震例的等震线数据,使用Levenberg-Marquardt非线性迭代算法进行回归,计算我国大陆分区域烈度衰减关系,并对中国大陆1990—2007年23次6.0级以上地震以及2008—2019年88次5.0级以上地震进行烈度评估。结果发现,应用本研究所得烈度衰减关系进行烈度评估,不同烈度区分布面积与实际震害面积存在一定偏差,体现在:①高烈度区:实际震害面积往往比模型面积偏大;②低烈度区:实际震害面积往往比模型面积偏小。据此提出,应用该烈度衰减关系估计震害面积时,应根据烈度大小适当放大或缩写模型面积,具体缩放度如下:8度区模型面积放大约1.5—2.0倍,7度区模型面积缩小约1.5—1.6倍,6度区模型面积缩小约1.8—2.0 倍。     

Mixing Methodologies in Seismic Hazard Assessment via a Logic Tree Procedure: An Application for Eastern Spain

This study provides a procedure for assessing seismic hazardand uncertainties in regions that are characterised by a large non-instrumental earthquakedatabase and a seismic and tectonic behaviour which doesn't allow an evident seismic zonation.This procedure is a synthesis of the non-zoning or non-parametric methodology (using extremevalues distribution functions as proposed by Epstein and Lomnitz, 1966) and the zoning orparametric methodology (using the theorem of total probability as proposed by Cornell, 1968)via a logic tree procedure taking into consideration the advantages offered by each of these.Taking the area which we shall describe as the east coast of Spain and surrounding inland areas,an application was made and a specific logic tree was developed in order to solve the problems anduncertainties related to the evaluation of the seismic hazard using both methodologies. The use of thelogic tree allowed the systematisation of a large number of solutions obtained. A number of relevantresults were obtained which show that in some cases there are great differences in the seismichazard results provided by the non-zoning and the zoning methodologies. In these cases, mean value andstandard deviation of the obtained results provide an intermediate solution to the over-conservativeestimation provided by the non-zoning methodology and the lowest results provided by the zoningmethodology. In other cases results provided by both methodologies are significantly closer.In any case, synthesis among both methodologies gives a wider knowledge of the uncertaintiesassociated with the seismic hazard results. Finally uncertainties increase with the decreaseof the annual probability of exceedence and in sites with a seismic history of large size earthquakes.     

Seismic intensity investigation of the 2001 M =6.0 Yajiang-Kangding earthquake and discussion on its background of seismogenic structures

An M=6.0 earthquake occurred on February 23, 2001 in the western Sichuan Province, China. The macro seismic epicenter situated in the high mountain-narrow valley region between Yajiang and Kangding counties. According to field investigation in the region, the intensity of epicentral area reached VIII and the areas with intensity VIII, VII and VI are 180 km², 1 472 km² and 3 998 km², respectively. The isoseismals are generally in elliptic shape with major axis trending near N-S direction. The earthquake destroyed many buildings and produced some phenomena of ground failure and mountainous disasters in the area with intensity VIII. This event may be resulted from long-term activities of the Litang fault and Yunongxi fault, two main faults in the western Sichuan. The movements between the main faults made the crust stress adjusted and concentrated, and finally the earthquake on a secondary fault in the block released a quite large energy.     

利用震源机制解走向判定地震影响场长轴方向

为了评估以震源机制解走向作为影响场长轴方向的适用性,以1970—2020年145个破坏性地震为研究对象,研究各地震的震源机制解走向和极震区长轴方向之间的偏差,发现两者平均差值为17.0°;走滑型、逆断型和正断型地震分别占研究地震总数的56.6%、19.3%和6.2%,其震源机制解走向与极震区长轴方向的平均差值分别为16.4°、16.2°和20.6°;有82.8%的地震的震源机制解走向与极震区长轴走向差值小于30°,说明该方法是可行的。通过统计研究2010—2020年等震线长轴方向明显的50个强震震中附近区域历史强震震源机制解走向与极震区长轴方向差值,结果表明:有13个地震震中30 km范围内有历史强震发生,最近历史强震震源机制解走向与极震区长轴方向差值小于30°的有8个(62%)。如果在距离地震震中30 km以内发生过历史强震,则可以综合考虑距震中最近的历史强震震源机制解走向和活动断裂走向来判定影响场长轴方向。     

Soil liquefaction potential induced by the andalusian earthquake of 25 December 1884

On 25 December 1884, an earthquake of epicentral intensityI ₀ = IX in the MSK scale caused great damage in a large area in the provinces of Granada and Málaga, in the south of Spain. The reports of the Spanish, Italian and French Commissions that studied the earthquake described ground phenomena in seven different sites which can be identified as soil liquefaction.By means of dynamic penetration tests carried out in the above sites, the corresponding soil profiles (based on SPT data and water table depth) were established, and the occurrence of liquefaction was proved in five out of seven of these sites. Also, the intensities at such locations and the magnitude of the earthquake were estimated.From the geotechnical data and the cyclic stress ratio induced by the earthquake, liquefaction conditions were confirmed in all the five sites which presumably liquefied. Then, possible values of the minimum ground surface accelerations necessary for the onset of liquefaction at each location were calculated. The results obtained were completed with data reported in six liquefaction case studies from Japan and the United States, from which design charts relating soil acceleration with normalized SPT values for different intensity levels were drawn.Finally, by using standard attenuation curves, the above data were translated into epicentral distances, and good agreement with the known epicentral area was found. As a result, a consistent approach for liquefaction hazard and source location problems has been developed. The proposed method combines in its formulation historical evidence and earthquake engineering techniques.     

盐源-宁蒗地震共轭破裂及极限主应力随地壳深度变化

许多震例表明,地震可以形成于共轭破裂。地震震源处,其温度和压力与地壳浅处及地表不同,温、压越高,共轭破裂角越大,随着深度的变浅(温、压减小),地震共轭破裂角减小;高烈度等震线共轭角也减小。用数学力学方法和岩石力学实验结果,探讨了1976年盐源-宁蒗6.7和6.4级地震共轭破裂及极限主应力随地壳深度变化。