网格计算在校园网中的应用研究

网格计算可以合理而有效地将资源高效地组织起来,相对于机群计算环境,它具有范围更广、功能更强大、组织和管理更复杂的特点。目前高校中各种计算资源丰富,但是由于地域的分散,很难做到存储、计算资源的共享。本文对校园网现状和网格技术进行研究,提出校园网格的概念及实现的功能。     

Cascades of green: A review of ecosystem-based adaptation in urban areas

Climate change impacts increase pressure on challenges to sustainability and the developmental needs of cities. Conventional, “hard” adaptation measures are often associated with high costs, inflexibility and conflicting interests related to the dense urban fabric, and ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) has emerged as a potentially cost-efficient, comprehensive, and multifunctional approach. This paper reviews and systematises research on urban EbA. We propose an analytical framework that draws on theory from ecosystem services, climate change adaptation and sustainability science. It conceptualises EbA in terms of five linked components: ecological structures, ecological functions, adaptation benefits, valuation, and ecosystem management practices.Our review identified 110 articles, reporting on 112 cities, and analysed them using both quantitative statistical and qualitative content analysis. We found that EbA research in an urban context is fragmented due to different disciplinary approaches and concepts. Most articles focus on heat or flooding, and the most studied ecological structures for reducing the risk of such hazards are green space, wetlands, trees and parks. EbA is usually evaluated in bio-geophysical terms and the use of economic or social valuations are rare. While most articles do not mention specific practices for managing ecological structures, those that do imply that urban EbA strategies are increasingly being integrated into institutional structures. Few articles considered issues of equity or stakeholder participation in EbA.We identified the following challenges for future EbA research. First, while the large amount of data generated by isolated case studies contributes to systems knowledge, there is a lack of systems perspectives that position EbA in relation to the wider socio-economic and bio-geophysical context. Second, normative and ethical aspects of EbA require more thought, such as who are the winners and losers, especially in relation to processes that put people at risk from climate-related hazards. Third, there is room for more forward-looking EbA research, including consideration of future scenarios, experimentation in the creation of new ecological structures and the role of EbA in transformative adaptation.     

Impacts of urbanisation on hydrological and water quality dynamics,and urban water management: a review

ABSTRACT

As urban space continues to expand to accommodate a growing global population, there remains a real need to quantify and qualify the impacts of urban space on natural processes. The expansion of global urban areas has resulted in marked alterations to natural processes, environmental quality and natural resource consumption. The urban landscape influences infiltration and evapotranspiration, complicating our capacity to quantify their dynamics across a heterogeneous landscape at contrasting scales. Impervious surfaces exacerbate runoff processes, whereas runoff from pervious areas remains uncertain owing to variable infiltration dynamics. Increasingly, the link between the natural hydrological cycle and engineered water cycle has been made, realising the contributions from leaky infrastructure to recharge and runoff rates. Urban landscapes are host to a suite of contaminants that impact on water quality, where novel contaminants continue to pose new challenges to monitoring and treatment regimes. This review seeks to assess the major advances and remaining challenges that remain within the growing field of urban hydrology.

Editor M.C. Acreman; Associate editor E. Rozos     

Quantifying volcanic ash fall hazard to electricity infrastructure

Quantifying the potential ash fall hazards from re-awakening volcanoes is a topic of great interest. While methods for calculating the probability of eruptions, and for numerical simulation of tephra dispersal and fallout exist, event records at most volcanoes that re-awaken sporadically on decadal to millennial cycles are inadequate to develop rigorous forecasts of occurrence, much less eruptive volume. Here we demonstrate a method by which eruption records from radiocarbon-dated sediment cores can be used to derive forecasting models for ash fall impacts on electrical infrastructure. Our method is illustrated by an example from the Taranaki region of New Zealand. Radiocarbon dates, expressed as years before present (B.P.), are used to define an age-depth model, classifying eruption ages (with associated errors) for a circa 1500–10 500 year B.P. record at Mt. Taranaki (New Zealand). In addition, data describing the youngest 1500 years of eruption activity is obtained from directly dated proximal deposits. Absence of trend and apparent independence in eruption intervals is consistent with a renewal model using a mix of Weibulls distributions, which was used to generate probabilistic forecasts of eruption recurrence. After establishing that interval length and tephra thickness were independent in the record, a thickness–volume relationship (from [Rhoades, D.A., Dowrick, D.J., Wilson, C.J.N., 2002. Volcanic hazard in New Zealand: Scaling and attenuation relations for tephra fall deposits from Taupo volcano. Nat. Hazards, 26:147–174]) was inverted to provide a frequency–volume relationship for eruptions. Monte Carlo simulation of the thickness–volume relationship was then used to produce probable ash fall thicknesses at any chosen site. Several critical electrical infrastructure sites in the Taranaki Region were analysed. This region, being the only gas and condensate-producing area in New Zealand, is of national economic importance, with activities in and around the area depending on uninterrupted power supplies. Forecasts of critical ash thicknesses (1 mm wet and 2 mm dry) that may cause short-circuiting, surges or power shutdowns in substations show that the annual probabilities of serious impact are between ~ 0.5% and 27% over a 50 year period. It was also found that while large eruptions with high ash plumes tend to affect “expected” areas in relation to prevailing winds, the direction impacts of small ash falls are far less predictable. In the Taranaki case study, areas out of normal downwind directions, but close to the volcano, have probabilities of impact for critical thicknesses of 1–2 mm of around half to 60% of those in downwind directions and therefore should not be overlooked in hazard analysis. Through this method we are able to definitively show that the potential ash fall hazard to electrical infrastructure in this area is low in comparison to other natural threats, and provide a quantitative measure for use in risk analysis and budget prioritisation for hazard mitigation measures.     

新疆区域基础设施与经济耦合的关联分析

本文以新疆为例,运用灰色关联分析法构建出区域基础设施与经济交互作用的关联度模型和耦合度模型,定性与定量相结合揭示出新疆基础设施与经济发展耦合的主要影响因素及耦合机制,并分别从时空角度分析耦合度的时序演变规律和空间分布特点。研究结果表明:(1)基础设施与经济发展各要素之间的耦合是复杂的,总体上表现在基础设施对经济发展的支撑、反馈作用和经济发展对基础设施的促进作用两个方面。通过关联度计算遴选出作用于经济的10项基础设施指标和影响基础设施的6项经济指标,它们较为全面地反映了系统交互耦合的机制;(2)交通运输、邮电通信与人均GDP的关联性最强,进一步建立作用关系模型,得出交通运输、邮电通信的基本建设投入对人均GDP的弹性为0.264。(3)基础设施和经济发展耦合度的时序变动表现出明显的阶段性和波动性,且空间各异,根据耦合度大小并结合区域经济发展与基础设施建设的实际情况,将新疆15个地州市划分为经济发展超前型、趋近协调型、同步协调型和低水平耦合型等4种类型,总体而言以同步协调型为主。     

交通基础设施投资与区域经济增长的互动关系——基于西部大开发的实证分析

自2000年以来交通基础设施投资对推动西部地区经济增长效果显著,投资规模和分布的变化对经济效率具有重要影响。货运量对西部地区的GDP有着正向的作用,但是客运量和货运周转量对西部地区经济增长的作用为负。经济发展是影响货物运输需求的最敏感因素,交通基础设施滞后造成的西部经济增长同其发展潜力的错位依然存在。同初期开发规模和模式相比,对西部地区交通基础设施的进一步投资必须要保证西部各省市区的经济发展能够真正受惠于交通基础设施的完善,提高投资的经济效率。     

基于可达性分析的高速公路投资空间溢出效应

基于可达性分析方法,探讨新建交通基础设施投资给邻近地区带来的空间溢出效应及其特征。以2005-2009年江苏省各市新建高速公路为例,通过GIS 空间分析模型、经济潜力指数及情景分析法,得到江苏各市新建高速公路投资建设带来的经济潜力收益值,并在此基础上应用平均溢出效应模型得到区际可达性溢出矩阵,结合各地交通投资与溢出效应货币化模型将区际溢出矩阵货币化,得到区际交通投资矩阵来重新分配各市交通投资成本,以此表示交通投资空间溢出效应。结果显示：可达性溢出效应传递基本上随着到新建高速公路距离增加而衰减,然而各市新建高速公路在邻近地区产生非均衡性的溢出效应,新建高速公路方向、区位以及高速公路网络体系影响了溢出效应强度分布。中间地区交通建设更有助于推动边缘地区可达性水平提高,其交通投资溢出效应普遍比边缘地区规模大,溢出投资占实际投资比重高,区域边缘地区多数为溢出效应的输入地区。     

Cities within cities: intra-urban comparison of infrastructure in Mumbai,Delhi and Cape Town

Comparison is now taken as vital to the constitution of knowledge about cities and urbanism. However, debate on comparative urbanism has been far more attentive to the merits of comparisons between cities than it has been to the potential and challenges of comparisons within cities—to what we call “Intra-Urban Comparison” (IUC). We argue that a focus on the diverse forms of urbanism located within cities may generate critical knowledge for both intra- and inter-urban comparative projects. IUCs highlight the diversity inherent in the category “city,” revealing dimensions of the urban that are central to how cities work and are experienced. We mobilise fieldwork within three cities: Mumbai, Delhi and Cape Town, and consider both how these cities have been historically understood as different urban worlds within a city, and discuss key findings from IUCs we have conducted on infrastructures. We find that IUCs can enhance comparative work both within and between cities: reconceptualising urban politics; attending to the varied and contradictory trajectories of urban life; and bringing visibility to the diverse routes through which progressive change can occur.     

My neighbourhood,my country or my planet? The influence of multiple place attachments and climate change concern on social acceptance of energy infrastructure

Research on place attachments and identities has made an important contribution to understanding social acceptance of low carbon infrastructure, which are often objected to by local communities. However, a focus on local attachments predominates in studies to date, neglecting the potential role of national and global attachments and identities on energy beliefs and attitudes, despite the fact that large energy infrastructures are not only local in significance or function. To investigate this, survey data was collected from a representative sample of UK adults (N = 1519), capturing place attachments at local, national and global levels, climate change concern, beliefs about power lines and support for energy system change. Findings show significant differences in infrastructure beliefs and attitudes depending upon relative strength of attachments at different levels, controlling for personal characteristics. Analyses of variance revealed that individuals with stronger national than local or global attachments were less likely to support European grid integration; those with relatively stronger global attachment were most likely to support decentralised energy and those with relatively stronger local attachment were most likely to protest against a nearby power line. In addition, those with strong attachments at local, national and global levels were most willing to reduce energy demand, and those with weak attachments were least likely to trust grid companies. Relatively stronger global than national attachment was positively associated with support for decentralised energy, with this effect partially mediated by climate change concern. Explanations for the findings and implications for future research are discussed.