Growth of Five Species of Gorgonians (Sub-Class Octocorallia) in the Sedimented Waters of Singapore

Abstract. Annual growth rates of gorgonians in the Indo-Pacific region are reported ror the first tinie. A method of measuring gorgonian growth using periodic photographic monitoring that is sensitive to horizontal growth and changes in growth foci but that does not require tedious underwater measurements is applied. Growth parameters of five species of gorgonians from three Families ( Plexauridae. Melithaeidae . and Subergorgiidae ) were monitored over a period of 18 months using this method. Growth rates ranged from 2.30 cm a^-1 to 7.88 cm. a ^-1 in the highly sedimented waters of Singapore. The maximum number of branches added per year ranged from 1.7 to 14.5.     

Land-Parcel Land-Use History as a Key to Site Selection for Documenting Soil Contamination Risk： a Case Study from Australian Suburbia

In that orcharding in early-to-mid twentieth century southeastern Australia involved use of certain heavy metal and As compounds in regular pest-control spray procedures, some interest attaches to the possibility that these landparcels are underlain by soils with above-background Cu, Pb and As levels. Interpreta- tion of Land-cover changes allowed land parcels previously occupied by orchards to be identified in the 1950s through time-series air-photos. A comparison of soil analysis results referring to soil samples from control sites, and from land parcels formerly occupied by orchardists, shows that contamination （above-background） levels of cations in the pesticides can be found in the top 6 cm of former orchard soils. It is clear that digital spatial data handling and culturally-informed air photo interpretation has a place in soil contamination studies, land-use planning （with particular reference to re-development） and in administration of public health.     

Analytical methods Of assessing the image quality associated with digital and photographic imaging systems

The introduction of digital cameras for aerial survey photography and use of scanners with processed aerial film present a number of technical questions concerning the way photography is to be acquired in the future. Among the questions to be addressed are the comparative metric properties of images acquired by each system and the associated image quality characteristics. The new digital camera systems will require very careful appraisal, using well-established methods of assessing metric quality already available to survey organisations. The questions concerning image quality are more difficult to answer, as they require very specialised instrumentation if measurements are to be made directly in practice. Over the course of the past several decades a more analytical approach to assessing image quality has emerged, and one that may be used by individuals. The method is particularly effective where information on the micro-image characteristics of products is made available by the manufacturers concerned. An outline is given of some considerations that need to be taken into account when using an analytical approach, with references given for further reading.     

Exploration of remotely sensed forest structure and ultrasonic range sensor metrics to improve empirical snow models

Current methods to estimate snow accumulation and ablation at the plot and watershed levels can be improved as new technologies offer alternative approaches to more accurately monitor snow dynamics and their drivers. Here we conduct a meta‐analysis of snow and vegetation data collected in British Columbia to explore the relationships between a wide range of forest structure variables – obtained from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), hemispherical photography (HP) and Landsat Thematic Mapper – and several indicators of snow accumulation and ablation estimated from manual snow surveys and ultrasonic range sensors. By merging and standardizing all the ground plot information available in the study area, we demonstrate how LiDAR‐derived forest cover above 0.5 m was the variable explaining the highest percentage of absolute peak snow water equivalent (SWE) (33%), while HP‐derived leaf area index and gap fraction (45° angle of view) were the best potential predictors of snow ablation rate (explaining 57% of variance). This study reveals how continuous SWE data from ultrasonic sensors are fundamental to obtain statistically significant relationships between snow indicators and structural metrics by increasing mean r² by 20% when compared to manual surveys. The relationships between vegetation and spectral indices from Landsat and snow indicators, not explored before, were almost as high as those shown by LiDAR or HP and thus point towards a new line of research with important practical implications. While the use of different data sources from two snow seasons prevented us from developing models with predictive capacity, a large sample size helped to identify outliers that weakened the relationships and suggest improvements for future research. A concise overview of the limitations of this and previous studies is provided along with propositions to consistently improve experimental designs to take advantage of remote sensing technologies, and better represent spatial and temporal variations of snow. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于 Lidar 数据和倾斜摄影的城市三维模型构建

针对传统建模方式建模效率低、模型纹理不够丰富真实等缺点,阐述一种以机载Lidar技术来获取地面点高精度的三维坐标、用倾斜摄影测量为三维建模提供纹理的一种新兴的三维建模方式。实验表明,该建模方式不仅工作效率高、真实反应城市空间布局,而且定位精度高、具备可量测分析功能等,同时提供DOM,DEM,点云数据,倾斜影像等数据。     

Use of cartographic images by expert and novice field geologists in planning fieldwork routes

Topographic maps and aerial photographs are particularly useful when geoscientists are faced with fieldwork tasks such as selecting paths for observation, establishing sampling schemes, or defining field regions. These types of images are crucial in bedrock geologic mapping, a cognitively complex field-based problem-solving task. Geologic mapping requires the geologist to correctly identify rock types and three-dimensional bedrock structures from often partial or poor-quality outcrop data while navigating through unfamiliar terrain. This paper compares the walked routes of novice to expert geologists working in the field (n = 66) with the results of a route planning and navigation survey of a similar population of geologists (n = 77). Results show clearly that those geologists with previous mapping experience make quick and decisive determinations about field areas from available imagery and maps, regardless of whether they are or not physically present in the field area. Recognition of geologic features enabled experts to form and verbalize a specific plan for travel through a landscape based on those features. Novices were less likely to develop specific travel route plans and were less likely to identify critical landscape cues from aerial photographs.     

城市倾斜摄影实景三维模型数据质量检查方法研究与实践

基于倾斜摄影可以快速获得高精度的城市实景三维模型,分析了实景三维模型数据的特点,探讨了实景三维模型数据质量检查的重点内容和质量元素,结合北京市大规模倾斜摄影实景三维数据质量检查实例,对实景三维数据质检问题与内容进行了总结,最后提出了实景三维模型数据的质量检查方法。     

无人机倾斜摄影及自动三维建模技术在地质灾害应急测绘中的应用——以三明市妙元山为例

利用无人机获取多视角的倾斜影像,结合自动三维建模技术,模拟地质灾害受灾情况,可以对受灾程度进行定性、定量分析管理,能够快速准确地评估受灾情况,为救灾工作提供决策支持。     

倾斜航空摄影数据获取之实践研究

利用倾斜摄影测量技术进行城市三维模型数据生产,具有快速高效、模型纹理真实、数据精度高等特点,在数据生产单位得到大规模应用。本文以实际的生产项目为例阐述了倾斜航空摄影的数据获取过程。     

无人机倾斜摄影三维模型在城市雨洪风险评估中的应用

研究城市雨洪风险问题,对提高城市洪涝灾害监测、预报的准确性,以及促进城市防洪决策制定具有重要的意义。鉴于高精度的城市三维模型可以提供丰富地理信息,便于准确分析淹没情况,本文针对当前城市洪涝模型对地形数据的高敏感性,且雨洪风险评估研究的准确性受限于地形数据精度的问题,提出利用无人机倾斜摄影测量技术重建高精度实景三维模型,并结合GIS的空间分析功能,以淹没深度为关键指标进行研究区的雨洪风险评估。通过提取不同重现期下研究区的淹没深度信息,进行可视化渲染实现三维淹没分析,可以直观地看到研究区的淹没情况,作为暴雨内涝风险管理依据,同时对城市规划布局有一定的参考价值。