Late Quaternary vegetation changes around Lake Rutundu,Mount Kenya,East Africa: evidence from grass cuticles,pollen and stable carbon isotopes

Woody, subalpine shrubs and grasses currently surround Lake Rutundu, Mount Kenya. Multiple proxies, including carbon isotopes, pollen and grass cuticles, from a 755‐cm‐long core were used to reconstruct the vegetation over the past 38 300 calendar years. Stable carbon‐isotope ratios of total organic carbon and terrestrial biomarkers from the lake sediments imply that the proportion of terrestrial plants using the C₄ photosynthetic pathway was greater during the Late Pleistocene than in the Holocene. Pollen data show that grasses were a major constituent of the vegetation throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The proportion of grass pollen relative to the pollen from other plants was greatest at the last glacial maximum (LGM). Grass cuticles confirm evidence that C₄ grass taxa were present at the LGM and that the majority followed the cold‐tolerant NADP‐MEC₄ subpathway. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The importance of oxygen isotope provenance in relation to solute content of bulk meltwaters at Imersuaq Glacier,West Greenland

Stable oxygen isotope analysis and measurement of several dissolved cations and anions of bulk meltwater samples have provided information about the hydrochemical environment of the glacial hydrological system at Imersuaq Glacier, an outlet tongue from the Greenland ice‐sheet, West Greenland. The samples were collected at frequent intervals during the period 20–28 July 2000 in a small (<20 L s^?1) englacial meltwater outlet at the glacier margin. The results document the following findings: (i) a marked diurnal variation of δ¹⁸O is related to the composition of oxygen isotope provenances, mainly near‐marginal local superimposed ice and basal up‐sheared ice further up‐glacier; (ii) a relationship is seen between all base cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), SO₄^2? and δ¹⁸O, indicating that solute acquisition is provided by solid–solution contact with the up‐sheared ice—as the relationship with Cl^? is weak the influence of seasalt‐derived solutes is small in the area; (iii) when the melt rate is high, two diurnal maxima of δ¹⁸O values and solute concentrations are measured, and it is suggested that a snow meltwater component is responsible for the second maximum of δ¹⁸O—a short residence time leads to a delayed decrease in ion concentrations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京市基础测绘技术规程的探讨

分析了规程与现行相关法律、法规和标准的关系,探讨了北京市基础测绘技术规程的内容,介绍了其创新点和应用情况。通过分析介绍,该地方标准统一了北京市基础测绘的技术标准,规范了基础测绘成果,有利于实现测绘信息资源的共享和有效利用。     

Treatment of Malting Wastewater in a Granular Sludge Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)

Aerobic granular sludge was successfully cultivated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating wastewater from the malting process with a high content of particulate organic matter. At an organic loading rate of 3.2 kg/(m³ d) COD_total and an influent particle concentration of 0.95 g/L MLSS an average removal of 50% in COD_total and 80% in COD_dissolved could be achieved. A comparison of granular and flocculent sludge grown under the same operating conditions showed no significant difference in removal efficiency although granules exhibited a higher metabolic activity in terms of specific oxygen uptake rate (r_{O2, X}). Two distinct mechanisms of particle removal were observed for granular sludge: during initial granule formation, particles were incorporated into the biofilm matrix. For mature granules, a high level of protozoa growth on the granule surface accounted for the ability to remove particulate COD. Combined evaluation of the development in MLSS content and sludge bed settling rate (i.e., mean derivative of the normalized sludge volume) was found to be an adequate method for monitoring the characteristic settling properties of a granulizing sludge bed. By means of this method, a distinct substrate gradient out of several operating conditions was concluded to have the biggest impact on the formation of aerobic granular sludge.     

Kinetics and Equilibrium Sorption Studies of 4-Nitrophenol on pyrolyzed and activated oil shale residue

Sorption of the organic pollutant 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) by pyrolyzed and activated Jordanian oil-shale was studied. Pyrolyzed oil shale was prepared using a fluidized bed reactor at 520 °C in the presence of nitrogen. Physical activation was carried out by treating the pyrolyzed oil shale with CO₂ at 830 °C, while chemical activation was achieved by using KOH and ZnCl₂ as impregnating agents. Batch kinetics and isotherm studies were conducted to evaluate the sorption process. Effects of contact time, initial sorbate concentration, sorbent concentration, temperature, pH and inorganic salts (NaCl and KCl) on the sorption process by the different sorbents were considered. Chemically activated oil shale, pretreated with ZnCl₂, gave the highest uptake of 4-NP. The isotherm experimental data fit reasonably well to Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Paterson models. Three kinetic models, namely the Morris-Weber, Lagergren, and Pseudo-Second-Order model (PSOM), were applied to represent the experimental results for both pyrolyzed and ZnCl₂-oil shale sorbents.     

LiMn_2O_4的溶胶─凝胶─酯化法合成及性能Ⅱ 立方尖晶石的形成及其形貌

以溶胶-凝胶-酯化法在220℃即可得到纯相的LixMn2O4（0.762＜x＜1.139）尖晶石粉体材料。它在880℃时发生立方相向四方相的转变：900℃－1000℃间,四方相渐变为正交相LiMnO2,过程中有Li2MnO3生成。应用SEM、TEM观测了材料的粘度及形貌,其粒度10－40nm,粒子间极易团聚成为1-206μm的团块。以BET法测其比表面为3.6m2／g。     

2017年盛夏湖南持续性暴雨过程的水汽输送和收支特征分析

基于混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹模式(版本4)(Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model, HYSPLIT4),利用降水观测数据、ERA5和NCEP GDAS (National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Global Data Assimilation System)再分析数据,分析2014年7月13—16日铜仁持续性暴雨过程的水汽输送、收支和各水汽源地的定量贡献。结果表明：(1)东伸的南亚高压和高低空急流的耦合作用增强了低层辐合、高层辐散的动力机制,利于水汽在目标区域辐合上升、凝结,形成降水。(2)500 hPa稳定控制贵州南部以南地区的副热带高压、短波槽和低纬印度半岛的热带气旋协同作用,建立明显的水汽输送通道,使海上的水汽源源不断地输送到暴雨区。(3)后向追踪120 h发现,暴雨区空气块主要来自阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾和南海,所处高度较低;少量空气块来自铜仁以北至欧亚大陆、大西洋,所处高度较高。(4)影响铜仁暴雨的水汽源地为铜仁以南-南海及附近岛屿和海域、印度半岛东部-孟加拉湾、阿拉伯海-印度半岛西部,水汽贡献率分别为48.29%、32.17%和10.47%,铜仁以北至欧亚大陆、大西洋的贡献率为9.07%。(5)850 hPa和700 hPa为主要的水汽输送层,为暴雨区贡献了近3/4的水汽,其余1/4水汽由500 hPa输送。

     

安徽省空间地理信息基础数据库示范工程研发

从工程组成及实现、关键技术及解决方法等方面,介绍和讨论已完成的“安徽省空间地理信息基础数据库示范工程”项目。示范库的建设工作达到了预期的目的。     

基于FY-4A卫星数据的短时强降水监测预警指标

选取2018—2021年汛期短时强降水天气过程,利用相关性分析、箱线图法和极值统计法,尝试研究FY-4A卫星产品在短时强降水天气过程中的监测预警指标。研究表明：(1)FY-4A卫星多通道数据可以作为短时强降水监测预警的定量化指标予以应用。(2)筛选出相关性较好的13项产品统计出短时强降水的监测预警指标,其中赋值类指标4项,数值判别类指标9项(含辅助指标3项);初步设定13项指标中有9项达标时,短时强降水会发生。(3)在评估基础上完善了指标,监测预警效果有所提高,TS评分提高5.4%,空报率降低2.7%,漏报率降低1.9%。     

HALOE资料揭示的热带平流层CH4时空变化特征

中层大气微量成分的分布和变化是中层大气研究的重要问题之一,但是长期以来中层大气的资料非常少。卤素掩星试验（HALOE）对中层大气多种微量气体进行观测,形成中层大气多种微量元素的空间分布和时间演变资料组,这是对中层大气微量气体含量资料的极大补充。作者利用1992～2003年HALOE资料分析热带地区（20°S～20°N）平均的CH4的垂直分布和时间演变特征。结果表明:热带平流层CH4混合比在平流层下层有较充分的混合;热带平流层CH4混合比的季节变化明显,在平流层中上层以年循环为主,而在平流层下部以半年变化为主;热带平流层CH4混合比的年际变化主要有准2年和准5年振荡。