Structural analysis and anti-complement activity of polysaccharides extracted from Grateloupia livida (Harv.) Yamada

Polysaccharides were extracted from Grateloupia livida(Harv.) Yamada using hot water(extracted product denoted WGW) and then degraded in dilute sulfuric acid(degraded product denoted WGWD). The degraded mixture was then separated into four fractions through anion exchange chromatography on 2-diethylaminoethanol(DEAE)-Bio-Gel Agarose FF gel. Electrospray ionization collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry(ESI-CID-MS/MS) was performed to elucidate the structural features of all fractions. In combination with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(NMR)and infrared spectroscopy(IR) data, the major polysaccharide structures were concluded to be μ-carrageenan and κ-carrageenan. μ-Carrageenan usually has a backbone of alternating 1,3-linked β-D-galactopyranose residues sulfated at C-4 and 1,4-linked a-D-galactopyranose residues sulfated at C-6, while κ-carrageenan consists of alternating 1,3-linked β-D-galactopyranose residues sulfated at C-4 and 1,4-linked a-D-3,6-anhydrogalactopyranose residues. Trace v-carrageenan, composed of 1,3-linked β-D-galactopyranose residues sulfated at C-4 and 1,4-linked a-D-galactopyranose residues sulfated at C-2 and C-6, was also detected. Furthermore, the polysaccharide had a backbone comprising 1,3-linked β-D-galactopyranose and1,4-linked α-L-galactopyranose sulfated at C-6, which is the agarose precursor. The hydroxy groups in the galactopyranose were partially substituted by methyl and pyruvic acid acetal(PA) groups. The anticomplementary activities of WGW and its derivatives against classical pathways were measured. The native polysaccharides in WGW had higher activities, while the derivatives had much weaker activities. This indicated that the molecular weight and sulfate content were important factors affecting the anti-complement activity.     

中国异枝软骨凹顶藻Chondrophycus intermedius (Yamada) Garbary et Harper的形态及解剖学

异枝凹顶藻Laurencia intermedia Yamada广泛地分布于东亚西太平洋沿岸的中国、朝鲜半岛(Nam et al. , 1984)及日本(Yoshida et al. , 1998)。在东南亚的菲律宾(Silva et al., 1987)，太平洋的斐济岛(NYeurt et al., 1996)，东非、印度次大陆及印度洋的斯里兰卡、肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚及Réunion (Silva et al., 1996)，以及西非的利比里亚、象牙海岸及加纳(Law son et al., 1987)等地均有报道。 Howe(1934)最早报道了中国的异枝凹顶藻。1962年，曾呈奎、张峻甫在“黄海西部沿岸海藻区系的温度性质”一文中也提到了该藻。1983年, 曾呈奎等在《Common seaweeds of China》中报道了黄海沿岸的异枝凹顶藻。1983年, 杭金欣等在《浙江海藻原色图谱》报道了浙江嵊山、渔山和南凫岛的异枝凹顶藻。1988年，张峻甫等也再次对该藻进行了报道。2000年，黄淑芳报道了台湾的异枝凹顶藻。     

带形蜈蚣藻多糖和可溶性蛋白含量测定及藻红蛋白分析鉴定

用沸水浴的方法提取了带形蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia turuturuYamada)中的多糖成分,并用“苯酚-硫酸法”测定了其含量。用此法得到的多糖标准曲线,相关系数r=0.998 4,结果显示带形蜈蚣藻多糖质量分数为44.91%;利用Bradford法,测得60℃恒温干燥的带形蜈蚣藻可溶性总蛋白质量分数为0.33%;用简单的羟基磷灰石柱层析的方法分离了藻红蛋白,光谱检测证明为R-藻红蛋白,其在带形蜈蚣藻中的质量分数为0.114 5%。本实验测定方法可靠且简便易行。     

Mineral chemical constraints on the petrogenesis of mafic and intermediate volcanic rocks from the Erciyes and Hasandağ volcanoes,Central Turkey

Hasandağ and Erciyes stratovolcanoes, which produced both calc-alkaline and alkaline eruptive products, are the two important volcanic complexes in Central Anatolia. There are three geochemical evolution stages in the history of the Hasandağ strato volcanic complex: (1) Keçikalesi tholeiitic, (2) Hasandağ calc-alkaline and (3) Hasandağ alkaline. Volcanologic and petrologic characteristics of the Hasandağ and Erciyes calc-alkaline series show that water played an important role on the genesis of these rocks. These rocks are phenocryst-rich with vesicular texture, and contain hydrous mineral phases. The approximate pressure and temperature estimates obtained from the mineral chemistry studies of the Hasandağ strato volcanic complex indicate crystallization temperature of 1100 °C with 2.5–3.4 kbar pressure interval for the first stage of Keçikalesi tholeiitic volcanism, and about 850 °C temperatures with 4.3–9.6 kbar pressure intervals for the second stage of Hasandağ calc-alkaline volcanism.The geochemical evolution of Erciyes volcanic complex also exhibits three distinct evolutionary stages: (1) Koçdağ alkaline, (2) Koçdağ calc-alkaline and (3) Erciyes calc-alkaline. The temperature of Koçdağ alkaline volcanism is 1097–1181 °C and in a range of 5.1–6.7 kbar pressure, for Koçdağ calc-alkaline volcanism 850–1050 °C temperature to 2.0–6.6 kbar pressure interval, and for Erciyes calc-alkaline volcanism about 950 °C temperature, to 3.2–7.9 kbar pressure intervals were calculated. Polybaric origin of magma chambers for calc-alkaline and alkaline rocks and disequilibrium parameters observed in phenocrysts indicate that the rocks were affected by magma mixing processes in crustal magma chambers. The disequilibrium features of amphibole and plagioclase phenocrysts in these rocks point the latent heat in magma chambers and periodic recharging with mafic magma chambers and also show that magmas reequilibrate before the eruption.