The sheltering effect of the Balearic Islands in the hindcast wave field

The sheltering effect of the Balearic Islands in the hindcast wave field was studied for typical Mediterranean wave situations of Llevant, Tramuntana and Mestral and for mild conditions such as the Garbí and Ponent winds. For this purpose, a third generation wave model was applied to the Mediterranean Sea and different patterns of the sheltered areas were found for the various representative situations depending on the wind variability and on the magnitude of the wind speed. From the analysis it was concluded that the sheltered zones created during storms generally persist for short periods of time of the order of 6 h, possibly reaching a maximum of 12 h. In contrast with earlier results obtained for swell dominated ocean areas, it was observed that in this area, due to the short fetches the sea states are mainly local wind seas and thus the wave field behind the islands depends on the local wind.     

新建社区的地震应急避难规划研究

人员密集、用地集约、功能混合是近年来新建社区的共同特点,一旦地震大灾在没有任何应急准备的情况下发生,社区居民的震时疏散和震后安置将面临很大困难。本文分析了新建社区的开发模式特点、脆弱性和应急避难需求,提出了新建社区地震应急避难规划设计的五点原则:安全第一、因地制宜、优化分区、有机整合和家喻户晓。通过大连市万科海港城一期地震安全示范社区"应急避难规划设计方案"实例,说明依据上述原则开展空间布局等"硬"规划和实施机制等"软"规划的具体方法,验证了规划原则的可操作性和对于管理、规划、建设防灾减灾城市的积极作用。     

Momentum Transfer By A Mountain Meadow Canopy: A Simulation Analysis Based On Massman's (1997) Model

Using a mountain meadow as a case study it is the objective of the present paper todevelop a simple parameterisation for the within-canopy variation of the phytoelementdrag (C_d) and sheltering (P_m) coefficients required for Massman's model of momentum transfer by vegetation. A constant ratio between C_d and P_m is found to overestimate wind speed in the upper canopy and underestimate it in the lower canopy.Two simple parameterisations of C_d/P_m as a function of the plant area density and the cumulative plant area index are developed, using values optimised by least-squares regression between measured and predicted within-canopy wind speeds. A validation with independently measured data indicates that both parameterisations work reliably for simulating wind speed in the investigated meadow. Model predictions of the normalised zero-plane displacement height and the momentum roughness length fall only partly within the range of values given in literature, which may be explained by the accumulation of plantmatter close to the soil surface specific for the investigated canopies. The seasonal course of the normalised zero-plane displacement height and the momentum roughness length are discussed in terms of the seasonal variation of the amount and density of plant matter.     

Effect of submerged aquatic vegetation on turbulence induced by an oscillating grid

In wetlands wind-induced turbulence significantly affects the bottom boundary, and the interaction between turbulence and plant canopies is therefore particularly important. The aim of this study is to advance understanding of the impact of this interaction in submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV)¹ on vertical mixing in a fluid dominated by turbulence. Wind-generated turbulence was simulated in the laboratory using an oscillating grid. We quantify the vertical distribution of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)² above and within different types of vegetation, measured by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Experimental conditions are analysed in two canopy models (rigid and semi-rigid) with seven solid plant fractions (SPFs)³, three stem diameters (d)⁴ and three oscillation grid frequencies (f)⁵ and four natural SAVs (Cladium mariscus, Potamogeton nodosus, Myriophyllum verticillatum and Ruppia maritima).