改进Frost算子在SAR图像斑点噪声抑制中的应用

针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波的重要性以及存在的问题,对Frost滤波算法参数进行分析,指出了该算法等权滤波器在处理含有细节结构特征时存在盲目平滑的缺点,进而提出了改进方法。利用灰度差值计算权值,综合考虑滤波窗口内的强度信息,在一定程度上解决了盲目平滑的问题。实验验证了改进算法的有效性,并以斑点噪声指数和边缘保持指数为评价准则,通过与Frost算法比较,对改进算法在去除噪声和边缘保持方面的性能做了客观评价。     

天津地热流体中的沉积物成分分析

地热流体在利用过程中,可在过滤装置、管道、井管、井口、回灌井的滤水管等多个环节形成多种成分的沉积物:包括岩屑的机械沉积和地热流体中过饱和矿物的化学沉淀。本文对天津地区地热利用过程中不同部位沉积物的矿物成分分别取样,利用SEM或XRD方法进行矿物鉴定,结果表明各部位的沉积物成分不尽相同。利用多年积累的数据,对地热流体的赋存条件、多种矿物的SI值模拟及沉积原因进行了分析,研究了不同部位沉积物的来源及其形成机制。结合地热利用系统及成井工艺的综合分析,阐述了沉积物的防治措施及目前尚难避免的沉积环节。     

Determining the road traffic accident hotspots using GIS-based temporal-spatial statistical analytic techniques in Hanoi,Vietnam

ABSTRACT

This study applied GIS-based statistical analytic techniques to investigate the influence of accident Severity Index (SI) on temporal-spatial patterns of accident hotspots related to the specific time intervals of day and seasons. Road Traffic Accident (RTA) data in 3 years (2015 ? 2017) in Hanoi, Vietnam were used to analyze and test this approach. Firstly, the RTA data were divided into four seasons in accordance with Hanoi’s weather conditions and the time intervals such as the daytime, nighttime, or peak hours. Then, the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) method was applied to analyze hotspots according to the time intervals and seasons. Finally, the results were presented by using the comap technique. This study considered both analyses with and without SI. The accident SI measures the seriousness of an accident. The approach method is to give higher weights to the more serious accidents, but not with the extremely high values calculated on a direct rate to the accident expenditures. The results showed that both analyses determined the relatively similar hotspots, but the rankings of some hotspots were quite different due to the integration of SI. It is better to take into account SI in determining RTA hotspots because the gained results are more precise and the rankings of hotspots are more accurate. From there, the traffic authorities can easily understand the causes behind each accident and provide reasonable solutions to solve the most dangerous hotspots in case of limited budget and resources appropriately. This is also the first study about this issue in Vietnam, so the contribution of the article will help the traffic authorities easily solve this problem not only in Hanoi but also in other cities.     

An algorithm for multi-exponential inversion of T2spectrum in nuclear magnetic resonance

NMＲ logging can provide the permeability parameter and abundant stratigraphical information such as total porosity,oil,gas and water saturation,oil viscosity,etc． And these physical parameters can be ob- tained by T2spectrum inversion． NMＲ inversion is an important part in logging interpretation． The authors de- scribe a multi-exponential inversion algorithm,solid iteration redress technique (SIＲT),and apply the algo- rithm in real data and compare the results with those based on singular value decomposition (SVD)． It shows that SIＲT algorithm is easier to be understood and implemented,and the time spent in SIＲT is much shorter than that of SVD algorithm． And the non-negative property of T2spectrum is much easier to be implemented． It can match the results based on SVD very well． SIＲT algorithm can be used in T2spectrum inversion for NMＲ analysis．     

Ambient noise as the new source for urban engineering seismology and earthquake engineering: a case study from Beijing metropolitan area

In highly populated urban centers, traditional seismic survey sources can no longer be properly applied due to restrictions in modern civilian life styles. The ambient vibration noise, including both microseisms and microtremor, though are generally weak but available anywhere and anytime, can be an ideal supplementary source for conducting seismic surveys for engineering seismology and earthquake engineering. This is fundamentally supported by advanced digital signal processing techniques for effectively extracting the useful information out from the noise. Thus, it can be essentially regarded as a passive seismic method. In this paper we first make a brief survey of the ambient vibration noise, followed by a quick summary of digital signal processing for passive seismic surveys. Then the applications of ambient noise in engineering seismology and earthquake engineering for urban settings are illustrated with examples from Beijing metropolitan area. For engineering seismology the example is the assessment of site effect in a large area via microtremor observations. For earthquake engineering the example is for structural characterization of a typical reinforced concrete high-rise building using background vibration noise. By showing these examples we argue that the ambient noise can be treated as a new source that is economical, practical, and particularly valuable to engineering seismology and earthquake engineering projects for seismic hazard mitigation in urban areas.     

一次热带气旋减弱远离后出现暴雨的成因分析

利用常规气象资料、加密气象站观测资料、NCEP的1°×1。分析资料以及多普勒雷达资料,对2011年6月12日热带气旋减弱远离后广东发生的一次暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明：（1）地而辐合、低空切变、中层气旋式环流和高空辐散的共同作用导致了此次的暴雨过程;（2）垂直上升运动在强降水发生前即有明显反映,中低层正涡度、高层负涡度的配置也有利于上升运动的维持和强降水的发生;（3）前期不稳定能量的累积是必要条件,而K、SI指数在维持高度不稳定的条件下,其24h变化量对此次暴雨的发生有一定的提前指示意义;（4）中尺度切变、辐合对强降水的发生时间和落区移动都有较好的指示作用．中低层乖盲风切蛮增大有利于风暴的发展。     

基于SVD和PCA方法重构干涉格林函数

地震干涉法(SI)是一种用来计算两个信号接收点之间格林函数(GF)的方法,它的基本假设是以其中一个接收点位置为虚拟源,可用来计算两点间震源传播的旅行时间。然而采用直接叠加的方法压制干扰信号,计算得到的干涉格林函数效果不佳,因而计算得到的旅行时间也不够精确。这里基于奇异值分解法(SVD)对叠加前的互相关矩阵进行分解及重构,可以有效压制两点间来自干扰源的信号,再利用主成分分析法(PCA)对固有几何拓扑结构降维特性提取主信号,计算得到新的干涉格林函数。数值模拟及实测数据处理结果表明:使用SVD和PCA综合处理方法,能有效提高干涉格林函数的准确性。     

病态线性方程组的简单迭代解法

针对地球物理反问题中经常碰到的病态线性方程组的求解问题。本文提出了一种简单迭代（ＳＩ）算法,从理论上证明了解序列收敛且收敛到方程组的真解,然后给出了几个算例,将计算结果与对付病态问题能力很强的ＣＧ类算法的结果进行了对比,结果表明：ＳＩ算法具有极强的抗病态能力,计算精度明显高于ＣＧ类算法,但计算速度稍低于后者     

用质子磁力仪测定岩（矿）石标本几个问题

在前人研究的基础上,针对用质子磁力仪进行岩（矿）石标本磁性参数测定和计算过程中遇到的测定位置含糊不清、T0取值单位不正确、标本面的编号混乱以及出现负磁化率等问题,从最初对磁秤法测定磁参数高斯位置的定义和公式推导过程人手,从原理上分析了质子磁力仪与磁秤法测定磁参数的不同之处,对质子磁力仪标本测定时的高斯第一位置和高斯第二位置、标本面的编号、测定顺序、地磁场的取值单位等进行明确说明,同时对视磁化率出现负值的原因进行分析,并提出了相应的改进措施,对今后用质子磁力仪进行岩（矿）石标本磁性参数测定和计算有一定的帮助。     

The International System of Units and Its Use in Geography and Related Disciplines

Abstract

This paper introduces college-level geography students to the International System of Units (SI), which is a standardized set of units used in science, engineering, and commerce. The system is based on seven base units from which all other units are derived. There are precise rules for using and writing SI units which should be followed, as proper use of SI in geography and related disciplines facilitates communication and reduces wasted effort at converting units.