Rights in places: An analytical extension of the right to the city

Following recent scholarship on place and place-making, we identify key challenges for contemporary empirical research using the “Right to the City” as an analytic. We seek to distinguish between the aspirational “right” articulated as a political and conceptual call to arms on one hand, and the “actually existing rights” that are carved out through both formal and informal mechanisms (including political protest) in the everyday city on the other. Actually existing rights are defined not through fiat or via momentary revolutionary acts, but through the durability of relationships between multiple actors, including residents, citizens, states, and corporate agents. We re-articulate urban rights as actually contingent and agonistic properties of the relationships that citizens have with places. This paper uses the historic conflict over community gardens in New York as an illustration of how thinking of rights regimes as multiple, overlapping, and placed helps better illuminate potential political interventions. Thinking of rights and places as plural, overlapping, and contingent is analytically productive because it highlights (rather than overwriting) conflicts between competing articulations of rights and privileges in cities.     

阿拉善右旗石窝子―三个井地区找矿潜力分析

内蒙古阿拉善右旗石窝子―三个井地区位于华北板块西北缘与塔里木板块东北缘的结合部位,北部紧邻西伯利亚板块(郝立波等, 2004)。三级成矿带属于朱拉扎嘎―甲生盘元古代、古生代金、铅、锌、硫、铁、铜、铂、镍成矿带（Ⅲ12）,四级成矿带属于朱拉扎嘎金成矿带（Ⅳ123）(内蒙古自治区地质矿产局, 1991)。区域上已发现的矿种主要有煤、盐湖、芒硝、铁、金、磷、石灰岩、石膏、膨润土、滑石、饰面花岗岩等,代表性矿床有叠布斯格、卡休他他铁矿,朱拉扎嘎金矿,脑木洪铜多金属矿等。     

Groundwater characteristics and climate and ecological evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert in the southwest Mongolian Plateau

The Badain Jaran Desert is the third largest desert in China, covering an area of 50000 km². It lies in Northwest China, where the arid and rainless natural environment has a great impact on the climate, environment, and human living conditions. Based on the results of 1∶250000 regional hydrogeological surveys and previous researches, this study systematically investigates the circulation characteristics and resource properties of the groundwater as well as the evolution of the climate and ecological environment since the Quaternary in the Badain Jaran Desert by means of geophysical exploration, hydrogeological drilling, hydrogeochemistry, and isotopic tracing. The results are as follows. (1) The groundwater in the Badain Jaran Desert is mainly recharged through the infiltration of local precipitation and has poor renewability. The groundwater recharge in the desert was calculated to be 1.8684×10⁸ m³/a using the water balance method. (2) The Badain Jaran Desert has experienced four humid stages since the Quaternary, namely MIS 13-15, MIS 5, MIS 3, and the Early–Middle Holocene, but the climate in the desert has shown a trend towards aridity overall. The average annual temperature in the Badain Jaran Desert has significantly increased in the past 50 years. In detail, it has increased by about 2.5°C, with a higher rate in the south than in the north. Meanwhile, the precipitation amount has shown high spatial variability and the climate has shown a warming-drying trend in the past 50 years. (3) The lakes in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert continuously shrank during 1973–2015. However, the vegetation communities maintained a highly natural distribution during 2000–2016, with the vegetation cover has increased overall. Accordingly, the Badain Jaran Desert did not show any notable expansion in that period. This study deepens the understanding of groundwater circulation and the climate and ecological evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert. It will provide a scientific basis for the rational exploitation of the groundwater resources and the ecological protection and restoration in the Badain Jaran Desert.© 2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

新生代阿尔金断层中、东段右行走滑特征

从柴达木、准噶尔、塔里木3个地块近4个古地磁样品中得出的古纬度数据表明,新生代阿尔金断层中、东段的右行走滑特征明显。白垩纪以来,新疆板块相对柴达木地块向北移动了0.6°-5.4°。据此将断裂两侧各地块复原到白垩纪末的位置,天山-北山地体与祁连山地体相联,柴达木地体成为塔里木地体的东延部分。     

1976年唐山地震发震断裂的活动性研究

震后野外考察及航空摄影发现的地裂缝带,说明唐山断裂与１９７６年唐山７．８级大地震的发震构造有密切关系。用卫星遥感信息和浅层地震勘探结果对唐山断裂的活动性做了新的研究。卫星图像解释结果表明：震前一年多时间内,ＮＥ向的唐山断裂被ＮＮＷ向断裂截切而ＮＷＷ向断裂受到牵引,因而显示出右旋走滑的活动形迹。浅层地震勘探结果则证明,唐山断裂是倾向ＮＷ,高倾角的右旋走滑正断层,它断错了全新统（Ｑ４）、晚更新统（Ｑ３）、中更新统（Ｑ２）和早更新统（Ｑ１）地层     

Right to food,right to mine? Competing human rights claims in Bangladesh

The right to food is increasingly evoked by a range of actors, but there is not sufficient critical analysis of distinct interpretations of what this right means in practice. Through examination of a mineral extraction project with agricultural implications, this article explores diverse human rights narratives and illuminates associated corporate efforts to minimize recognition of food as a fundamental right. A British mining company proposes the Phulbari open pit coal mine in an agriculturally important region of Bangladesh. Highly contested by affected populations, clashes in 2006 between the police and protestors turned deadly in the area. In February 2012, a group of UN Special Rapporteurs cautioned the Government of Bangladesh regarding human rights violations associated with the planned mine. They warned that the project would displace hundreds of thousands of people, while destroying fertile agricultural land. In contrast, an ongoing publicity campaign by the corporation attempts to promote their intervention as a positive step, fully compliant with international human rights and corporate social responsibility standards. Taking this case as an exemplar, the article illuminates the pursuit of mining profit and the distinct use of human rights narratives by corporations and UN Special Rapporteurs. These diverse actors represent the layering of voices weighing in on mineral extraction and associated right to food concerns. Collectively, these layered narratives represent a new terrain for the promotion and contestation of mining and highlight the need to scrutinize mining practices in light of social responsibility and human rights claims being voluntary and self-regulated.     

1958-2016年呼伦贝尔草原新巴尔虎右旗气温和降水变化特征

气候变化是影响草原区植被与环境状况的重要因素。利用呼伦贝尔草原新巴尔虎右旗1958-2016年的气温和降水数据资料,采用线性倾向估计法、累积距平分析法、M-K检验法和Morlet小波分析等方法,从不同时间序列上,对该地区近59年的气候变化趋势、极端气候以及突变现象进行分析。结果表明：年平均气温以0.354℃/10a的速率上升,上升趋势显著;四季平均气温均呈现增温趋势,其中春季增温趋势最大;1985-1986年发生了由低温到高温的突变;研究区年平均气温存在11 a的强显著周期。研究区年降水量整体以8.68 mm/10a的速率呈下降趋势,变化趋势不显著;降水集中在夏季（6-8月）,占全年降水量的72.9%,7月降水量最大,有效降水日数最多;1961-1962年和1981-1982年降水发生突变;极端降水指标中日最大降水量、连续5 d最大降水量、强降水量、极强降水量、强降水比率、连续无雨日数、零降水量日数均呈现递减趋势,仅降水强度呈递增趋势,变化趋势均不显著;Morlet小波分析表明研究区年降水量存在52 a的强显著周期。新巴尔虎右旗近59 a气候总体呈现干旱化趋势。     

Origin and Distribution Factors of Sour Gases in Natural Gas Reservoirs in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block,Turkmenistan

Through the analysis of original carbon isotopes in the blocks on the right bank of the Amu Darya River, Turkmenistan, it can be firstly concluded that the carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the sour gas reservoirs belongs to the inorganic-origin gas. The origin of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block is thermochemical sulfate reduction from the detailed analysis of hydrocarbon source rocks data, reservoir characteristics, vitrinite reflectance of organic matter, and sour gas content. Then, the factors affecting the distribution of sour gases in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block were investigated by the analysis of conventional sour gas distribution factors including geological structure, fracture and fault, caprock integrity, sedimentary facies, reservoir types, lithofacies, the source of sulfur and so on. The following basic findings were achieved: ① The basement rift in the study area is conductive to the distribution of CO₂. The caprock integrity contributes to the concentration of CO₂. The gas reservoirs in the biological dike reefs, patch reefs and overthrust zones usually have medium CO₂ content. ② The geological structure and fracture caused the complexity of the distribution of H₂S. The gypsum-salt rock in upper Jurassic-Tithonian is an important sulphur source, and the main hydrocarbon source rocks are also the major sulfur source of H₂S gas reservoirs. Furthermore, the giant gypsum layers in the middle-upper Jurassic Callovian-Oxfordian and the upper Jurassic-Tithonian are conductive to preservation of H₂S, and the small openings and holes in the reservoir is also correlative to the distribution of H₂S. ③ The H₂S in the study area is mostly distributed in the formations with the geothermal temperature of higher than 100 ℃. The open platform deep-water sedimentary facies are harmful to the formation of H₂S. The patch reef and overthrust zones belong to the belts of low H₂S content, however, the biological dike reef zones belong to the belts of medium-high H₂S content. However, the origin and distribution factors of sour gases in natural gas reservoirs were obtained. At the same time, it was pointed out that more necessary and accurately quantitative research is still needed to determine the origin and distribution of acid gases in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block, Turkmenistan.     

东川汤丹铜矿矿权实地核查数据检查方法

对东川区汤丹铜矿矿业权实地核查中,单矿业权成果数据容易出现的问题进行分析研究,总结出矿业权实地核查单矿权数据检查的方法与重点。