SEDIMENT YIELD AND HYDROLOGY IN NORTHWESTERN RANGELANDS

lINTRODUCTIONRangeandforestlandsofnorthwesternNorthAmericahavebeenutilizedforres0urceextracti0nandproductionsinceinitialhuman0ccupationofthecontinent.Intensive"managed"utilizati0nofec0systemsforspecificbenefitsincludingcattle,sheep,t1sh,w00dandagriculturalpr0ductshasbeenong0ingfornearly0ne-and-haIfcenturies.Intensiveresourceproducti0nhasto0oftenbeenacc0mpaniedbyunwanted"sideeffects"includingacceleratederosion,s0illossandsedimentdeliveredoffsitetod0wnstreamlocati0ns,estuariesandoceanicsin…     

辽宁红透山铜锌块状硫化物矿床的变质变形和成矿组分再活化

辽宁红透山铜-锌块状硫化物产在太古宙绿岩带中，矿床形成后经历了强烈的变形和变质，变质程度达高级角闪岩相。野外和显微镜研究表明，矿石在进变质过程中发生过强烈的机械再活化和重结晶，但各种进变质结构大部分已被变质峰期的全面重结晶所清除，目前保存着的结构主要是变质峰期和退变质过程的产物。退变质过程以黄铁矿变斑晶生长、矿石糜棱岩的形成、二次退火和化学再活化为特征。矿床中高度富集铜和金的矿石是韧性剪切形成的矿石糜棱岩受退变质流体叠加而成。磁黄铁矿主要是同生沉积后重结晶的产物，另有一部分由退变质热液形成，而黄铁矿变斑晶则有沉积一重结晶、磁黄铁矿退变质脱硫和热液叠加多种成因。世界各地块状硫化物矿床中的磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿各有三种成因类型。磁黄铁矿的类型有：同生沉积．变质重结晶、同生沉积黄铁矿变质和退变质热液充填或交代；黄铁矿的类型有：同生沉积-变质重结晶、磁黄铁矿退变质脱硫和退变质热液充填或交代。红透山矿区的退变质流体具有从早到晚氧逸度升高的趋势。     

362℃和差异应力条件下硫化物在NaCl溶液中的再活化实验研究

红透山块状硫化物矿石主要成分为黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿和石英、角闪石、黑云母等脉石矿物。切成长40mm 直径17mm 的矿石圆柱用20wt%NaCl 溶液浸泡260小时后装入长江500型活塞-圆筒式三轴应力试验机,在362℃414MPa 围压下加1342MPa 轴压,13小时后于空气中自然冷却。实验后试样长度压缩为32.3mm,算得应变速率为4.1×10~(-6)/s。实验产物中出现大量垂直应力轴的松弛裂缝。黄铁矿强烈脆性破裂,而磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿以塑性变形为主,局部也发生脆性破裂。再活化黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿分别充填同种矿物的碎粒间隙。再活化产物也呈细脉穿插脆性变形的黄铁矿碎斑,细脉中以黄铜矿为主,其次是磁黄铁矿,有时含极少量闪锌矿,在磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿的塑性变形区内,以及变形的石英和其它脉石矿物中均无再活化硫化物产出。实验结果表明在构造应力作用下强干性矿物和地质体容易发生脆性变形,从而为再活化成矿流体的运移和析出矿质提供通道和空间,而韧性变形区较难提供流体通道和矿质沉淀空间。所以,再活化成矿作用容易发生在脆性变形区和韧-脆性转换部位。原生矿石中的黄铜矿在实验条件下比其它三种硫化物更容易再活化。脆性变形的黄铜矿和黄铁矿比起其它矿物来更容易接受含铜流体的叠加,因此地层中的含铜黄铁矿矿胚层最容易受叠加流体作用而形成层控富矿床。     

Post-mine metal transport and attenuation in the Keno Hill mining district, central Yukon, Canada

 The Keno Hill mining district in central Yukon was the second largest silver producer in Canada with mines operating from 1913 to 1989 on more than 65 vein silver deposits. The seven and a half decades of mining activities have generated large volumes of mine waste disposed on the land surface, resulting in elevated metal contents in numerous small drainages. To assess the extent of metal mobilization, old mine workings and the associated mine waste were examined and the water courses draining to a major river valley sampled. The results of field observations and an array of water and sediment analyses led to three major conclusions. 1. Acid mine drainage is not widespread because of galvanic protection of pyrite from oxidative dissolution and neutralization by carbonates in the country rock. 2. Mechanisms operative to limit aqueous metal transport in small streams in the district include cryogenic precipitation, coprecipitation and sorption. 3. The near-surface concentration of metals limits the options of waste disposal in future mining developments due to potential metal-leaching problems. Received: 12 December 1995 · Accepted: 26 March 1996     

胶东大尹格庄金矿床铅同位素地球化学

胶东是我国最重要的金矿集区,破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床是其最重要的金矿床类型,该类型金矿床已探明金矿资源量占全区的90%以上,其巨量金的来源是引人瞩目的关键科学问题。招平断裂带是胶东金矿集区内规模最大的断裂-成矿带,其内已探明金资源量1500余吨,大尹格庄金矿床位于招平金矿带中段,是该金矿带最具代表性的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床之一,目前勘探深度近-800m,已探明金金属量约125t。NNE向招平断裂带和NWW向大尹格庄断裂是区内主要控矿构造,其中招平断裂带沿胶东群与玲珑花岗岩接触带发育,控制了大尹格金矿床的产出。招平断裂带下盘为玲珑黑云母花岗岩,是金矿床的主要赋矿围岩,普遍发育黄铁绢英岩化蚀变;招平断裂带上盘为太古宇胶东群混合岩化黑云斜长变粒岩、碳酸盐片岩和斜长角闪岩及古元古代荆山群禄格庄组石榴矽线黑云片岩和黑云片岩,发育强烈的碳酸盐化。金矿化与绢云母化、黄铁矿化和硅化关系密切,金矿体赋存在招平断裂带下盘的黄铁绢英岩和黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩中,主要金属矿物为黄铁矿,其次为方铅矿、闪锌矿和黄铜矿,且黄铁矿常与方铅矿和闪锌矿共生。以大尹格庄断裂为界,其南、北两侧分别为Ⅰ号和Ⅱ号矿体,它们是占大尹格庄金矿床探明储量的85%。相对于Ⅱ号矿体,Ⅰ号矿体具有更多的方铅矿和闪锌矿及更高的银含量。I号矿体9件矿石硫化物206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb分别为17.2638~17.3585、15.4663~15.6116和37.858~38.3328;II号矿体6件矿石硫化物206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb分别为17.2157~17.3286、15.4595~15.5084和37.8900~38.0004,为放射性成因的异常铅,经历了三阶段演化史。其中,3.4Ga左右壳幔分离,铅在地壳下部和上地幔得到充分混合,形成均一的正常铅;0.8Ga左右铅脱离第二阶段储库并与铀钍体系发生分离;其后,这种铅与不同数量的放射性成因铅发生混合,并于约130Ma金成矿时被保留在硫化物等含金矿物中。该金矿床成矿物质很可能主要来自于胶东群变质岩的再活化,成矿过程中,I号矿体中成矿流体与围岩的交换反应作用更强,有更多的上地壳物质进入成矿流体;而II号矿体则保留了更多的深部初始成矿物质与成矿流体的信息。     

Metamorphic ore remobilization in the Hällefors district, Bergslagen, Sweden: constraints from mineralogical and small-scale sulphur isotope studies

The marble- and metavolcanic-hosted Pb–Zn–(Ag–Sb–As) deposits of the Hällefors district, located in the Palaeoproterozoic Bergslagen ore province, south central Sweden, comprise both stratabound sulphides and discordant, Ag-rich sulphide–sulphosalt veins. The complex sulphide–sulphosalt assemblages of the Alfrida-Jan Olof mines at Hällefors were investigated by a combination of ore microscopy, electron-microprobe analysis, and in situ laser sulphur isotope analysis. The massive ore is characterized by positive and homogeneous ³⁴S (+1.4 to +2.7 V-CDT), whereas vein-hosted sulphides and sulphosalts exhibit similar, but generally less positive to slightly negative ³⁴S (–0.6 to +2.0). Comparison of the observed ore mineral assemblages with calculated phase equilibria in the system Fe–As–S–O–H and isotopic fractionation as a function of temperature, oxygen fugacity and pH indicates that the vein-type mineralization was formed from relatively reduced and rather alkaline hydrothermal fluids. At these reduced conditions, fractionation of ³⁴S via changes of fO₂ is insignificant, and thus the isotopic signatures of the vein minerals directly reflect the composition of the sulphur source. We therefore conclude that the vein-type ore essentially inherited the sulphur isotope signature from the pre-existing massive sulphides via metamorphic remobilization at approximately 300–400°C and 2–3 kbar. Scales of remobilization observable are on the order of about 5 mm to 30 cm. Overall, the sulphide–sulphosalt assemblages from the Alfrida-Jan Olof mines exhibit ³⁴S values which are comparable to a majority of metasupracrustal-hosted deposits in the Bergslagen province, thereby suggesting a common origin from ca. 1.90–1.88 Ga volcanic-hydrothermal processes.Editorial handling: S. Nicolescu     

Deposition of rheomorphic ignimbrite D (Mogán Formation), Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain

 Rheomorphic ignimbrite D (13.4 Ma, Upper Mogán Formation on Gran Canaria), a multiple flow–single cooling unit, is divided into four major structural zones that differ in fabric and finite strain of deformed pyroclasts. Their structural characteristics indicate contrasting deformation mechanisms during rheomorphic flow. The zones are: (a) a basal zone (vitrophyre) with pure uniaxial flattening perpendicular to the foliation; (b) an overlying shear zone characterized by asymmetric fabrics and a significantly higher finite strain, with an ellipsoid geometry similar to stretched oblate bodies; (c) a central zone with a finite strain geometry similar to that of the underlying shear zone but without evidence of a rotational strain component; and (d) a slightly deformed to non-deformed top zone where the almost random orientation of subspherical pyroclasts suggests preservation of original, syn-depositional clast shapes. Rheomorphic flow in D is the result of syn- to post-depositional remobilization of a hot pyroclastic flow as shown by kinematic modeling based on: (a) the overall vertical structural zonation suggested by finite strain and fabric analysis; (b) the relation of shear sense to topography; (c) the interrelationship of the calculated vertical cooling progression at the base of the flow (formation of vitrophyre) and the related vertical changes in strain geometry; (d) the complex lithification history; and (e) the consequent mechanisms of deformational flow. Rheomorphic flow was caused by load pressure due to an increase in the vertical accumulation of pyroclastic material on a slope of generally 6–8°. We suggest that every level of newly deposited pyroclastic flow material of D first passed through a welding process that was dominated by compaction (pure flattening) before rheomorphic deformation started. Received: 25 June 1997 / Accepted: 28 October 1998     

Sediment and heavy metal accumulation in the Cauvery basin

Eleven cores were collected from the Cauvery basin. Radiometric dates were used to determine modern sediment accumulation rates. Sediment accumulation rates ranged from 0.4 to 4 mm yr^–. Heavy metal concentration decreases with the increase of depth. The heavy metal concentrations at certain depths are attributed to the irregular input of metals and their remobilization. Heavy metal accumulations have been computed using sediment accumulation rates, and accumulation rates show an additional anthropogenic input of metals and sediments in the recent past. Factor analysis and correlation analysis show the diverse source and accumulation mechanism influencing the metal distribution in the basin.     

Arc dacite genesis pathways: Evidence from mafic enclaves and their hosts in Aegean lavas

Mafic enclaves are commonly found in intermediate arc magmas, and their occurrence has been linked to eruption triggering by pre-eruptive magma mixing processes. New major, trace, Sr–Nd and U–Th isotope data of rocks from Nisyros in the Aegean volcanic arc are presented here. Pre-caldera samples display major and trace element trends that are consistent with fractionation of magnetite and apatite within intermediate compositions, and zircon within felsic compositions, and preclude extensive hybridization between mafic and felsic magmas. In contrast, post-caldera dacites form a mixing trend towards their mafic enclaves. In terms of U-series isotopes, most samples show small ²³⁸U excesses of up to  10%. Mafic enclaves have significantly higher U/Th ratios than their dacitic host lavas, precluding simple models that relate the mafic and felsic magmas by fractionation or aging alone. A more complicated petrogenetic scenario is required. The post-caldera dacites are interpreted to represent material remobilized from a young igneous protolith following influx of fresh mafic magma, consistent with the U–Th data and with Sr–Nd isotope constraints that point to very limited (< 10%) assimilation of old crust at Nisyros. When these results are compared to data from Santorini in the same arc, there are many geochemical similarities between the two volcanic centers during the petrogenesis of the pre-caldera samples. However, striking differences are apparent for the post-caldera lavas: in Nisyros, dacites show geochemical and textural evidence for magma mixing and remobilization by influx of mafic melts, and they erupt as viscous lava domes; in Santorini, evidence for geochemical hybridization of dacites and mafic enclaves is weak, dacite petrogenesis does not involve protolith remobilization, and lavas erupt as less viscous flows. Despite these differences, it appears that mafic enclaves in intermediate Aegean arc magmas consistently yield timescales of at least 100 kyrs between U enrichment of the mantle wedge and eruption, on the upper end of those estimated for the eruptive products of mafic arc volcanoes. Finally, the data presented here provide constraints on the rates of differentiation from primitive arc basalts to dacites (less than  140 kyrs), and on the crustal residence time of evolved igneous protoliths prior to their remobilization by mafic arc magmas (greater than  350 kyrs).