井中地震三维高效黏声逆时偏移成像方法及应用

井中地震是井中激发地面接收的一种新型地震采集方法, 与地面地震相比, 具有采集成本低, 作业效率高的优点.此外, 井中地震资料信噪比高、频带宽、波场丰富, 可实现井周小尺度构造精细成像.在油藏开发中, 井中地震可实现油藏描述与监测.鉴于上述原因, 近年来, 井中地震受到业内越来越多的关注.然而, 井中地震震源能量弱, 地层吸收衰减效应的影响强于地面地震.因此, 需要发展针对性的井中地震衰减补偿偏移成像方法.本文基于Kelvin-Voigt模型推导新的振幅衰减和相位频散解耦的黏声波动方程, 通过改进激发振幅成像条件, 实现高效的井中三维地震黏声逆时偏移成像方法.此外, 本文采用时变低通滤波器压制高波数噪声, 提升黏声逆时偏移方法的稳定性.数值算例及实际资料应用表明, 本文提出的井中三维黏声逆时偏移成像方法计算效率高、稳定性好, 实用化潜力大.

     

Viscoacoustic least-squares reverse-time migration of different-order free-surface multiples

Multiples have longer propagation paths and smaller reflection angles than primaries for the same source–receiver combination, so they cover a larger illumination area. Therefore, multiples can be used to image shadow zones of primaries. Least-squares reverse-time migration of multiples can produce high-quality images with fewer artefacts, high resolution and balanced amplitudes. However, viscoelasticity exists widely in the earth, especially in the deep-sea environment, and the influence of Q attenuation on multiples is much more serious than primaries due to multiples have longer paths. To compensate for Q attenuation of multiples, Q-compensated least-squares reverse-time migration of different-order multiples is proposed by deriving viscoacoustic Born modelling operators, adjoint operators and demigration operators for different-order multiples. Based on inversion theory, this method compensates for Q attenuation along all the propagation paths of multiples. Examples of a simple four-layer model, a modified attenuating Sigsbee2B model and a field data set suggest that the proposed method can produce better imaging results than Q-compensated least-squares reverse-time migration of primaries and regular least-squares reverse-time migration of multiples.