An experimental study on non-linear progressive wave-induced dynamic stresses in seabed

In this study, the dynamic stresses within the seabed induced by non-linear progressive waves were explored through a series of hydraulic model tests on a movable bed within a wave flume. By comparing Stokes’ 2nd-order wave theory with the theory of wave-induced dynamic stresses within the seabed as proposed by Yamamoto et al. [1978. On the response of a poro-elastic bed to water waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 87 (1), 193–206.] and Hsu and Jeng [1994. Wane-induced soil response in an unsaturated anisotropic seabed of finite thickness. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18, 785–807], the experimental results show that the pressure on the seabed surface, the pore water pressure within the seabed as well as the vertical and the horizontal stresses are all smaller than their theoretical values. If we were to obtain the characteristics of seabed soil, the analytical solution of Hsu and Jeng [1994. Wane-induced soil response in an unsaturated anisotropic seabed of finite thickness. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18, 785–807] might agree to the simulation of the wave-induced effective stresses and shear stress in the sandy seabed. A different phase shift exists among all the three soil stresses. Their influences on the three dynamic stresses within seabed soil are important for seabed stability, and can be used in the verification of numerical models. In the whole, the non-linear progressive waves and the naturally deposited seabed are found to have a strong interaction, and the behavior of the induced dynamic stresses within the seabed is very complicated, and should be investigated integrally.     

The influence of a flood event on phytoplankton succession

The effect of the August 1987 River Reuss flood event on the phytoplankton biocoenosis in Lake Uri (Urnersee, part of Lake Lucerne, Switzerland) was investigated firstly by comparing biological, chemical and physical data sampled before the event with equivalent data sampled after the event; and secondly by comparing the phytoplankton succession in 1987 with that occurring in the floodfree year 1989. As a consequence of the flood, the physical and chemical environment of the phytoplankton was found to have undergone a change which resulted in an alteration in the composition of the phytoplankton community. The phytoplankton community existing previous to the flood event, which had been dominated byTabellaria fenestrata sensu Husted 1930 (K-strategist), was replaced by a biocoenosis characterized mainly by various species of flagellates, which represent a typical spring successional stage (r-strategists). After the externally-imposed perturbation, the return to stable physical and chemical conditions was followed by the re-establishment of the successional stage which had existed before the flood (termed reversion by Reynolds, 1980).     

Sur les anomalies structurales de l'anticlinal de l'oued Bahloul de Tunisie : héritage tectonique et plissement cisaillant de couverture

The Oued Bahloul structure exists in the central Atlas of Tunisia. This structure is oriented N70 and it shows a very particular geometry characterized by: (i) an important disharmony between the northern and the southern flanks; (ii) a dissymmetry between the east and the west parts of the structure; (iii) several gaps and progressive unconformities present in the Cretaceous and Eocene series.Three major tectonic directions characterize this structure: (i) the N120 appears in the western part of the anticline; (ii) some north–south faults distinguish the oriental part; (iii) the strike fault, which is confirmed by seismic data, affects the central part of this anticline. To cite this article: A. Saadi et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

反相流动注射催化光度法测定废水中的亚硝酸根

采用反相流动注射技术与催化光度法相结合，用微机化流动注射分析仪准确控制反应时间，优化了实验条件，克服了催化光度法反应时间难以控制引起的方法精密度、准确度不高的弱点，拟定了测定痕量亚硝酸根的流动注射催化光度方法。分析速度第小时20次，NO2^- 质量浓度在0．00－2．00mg/L，回归方程斜率为0．155。方法直接测定电厂测水中NO2^-的结果与Griess法相符合，RSD＜5．0％（n=5）。     

Geometry and evolution of superposed folding in the Zawar lead-zinc mineralised belt,Rajasthan

The lead-zinc bearing Proterozoic rocks of Zawar, Rajasthan, show classic development of small-scale structures resulting from superposed folding and ductile shearing. The most penetrative deformation structure noted in the rocks is a schistosity (S ₁) axial planar to a phase of isoclinal folding (F ₁). The lineations which parallel the hinges ofF ₁ folds are deformed by a set of folds (F ₂) having vertical or very steep axial planes. At many places a crenulation cleavage (S ₂) has developed subparallel to the axial planes ofF ₂ folds, particularly in the psammopelitic rocks. The plunge and trend ofF ₂ folds vary widely over the area. Deformation ofF ₂ folds into hook-shaped geometry and development of another set of axial planar crenulation cleavage are the main imprints of the third generation folds (F ₃) in the region. In addition to these, there are at least two other sets of cleavage planes with corresponding folds in small scales. More common among these is a set of recumbent and reclined folds (F ₄), developed on steeply dipping early-formed planes. Kink bands and associated sharp-hinged folds represent the other set (F ₅). Two major refolded folds are recognizable in the map pattern of the Zawar mineralised belt. The larger of the two, the Main Zawar Fold (MZF), shows a broad hook-shaped geometry. The other large-scale structure is the Zawarmala fold, lying south-west of the MZF. Both the major structures show truncation of lithological units along their respective east ‘limbs’, and extreme variation in the width of formations. The MZF is primarily the result of superimposition ofF ₃ onF ₂.F ₁ folds are relatively smaller in scale and are recognizable in the quartzite unit which responded to deformation mainly by buckle shortening. Large-scale pinching-and-swelling that appears in the outcrop pattern seems to be a pre-F₂ feature. The structural evolutionary model worked out to explain the chronology of the deformational features and the large-scale out-crop pattern envisages extreme east-west shortening following formation ofF ₁ structures, resulting in the formation of tight and isoclinal antiforms (F ₂) with pinched-in synforms in between. These latter zones evolved into a number of ductile shear zones (DSZs). The east-west refolding of the large-scaleF ₂ isoclinal antiforms seems to be the consequence of a continuous deformation and resultant migration of folds along the DSZs. The main shear zone which wraps the Zawar folds followed a curved path. Because of the penetrative nature of theF ₂ movement, the early lineations which were at high angles to the later ones (as is evident in the west of Zawarmala), became subparallel to the trend ofF ₂ folding over a large part of the area. Further, the virtually coaxial nature ofF ₂ andF ₃ folds and the refolding ofF ₃ folds by a new set of N-S folds is an indication of continuous progressive deformation.     

沙漠化逆转过程的耗散理论应用

用耗散结构理论探讨了沙漠化逆转过程的时间序列和空间结构,论述了沙漠化逆转过程中的“涨落”现象、耗散结构的形成及非平衡相变的发生。指出属于开放系统的沙漠化逆转过程表现为时间序列的有序和空间结构的无序,是多重耗散结构下的从无序到有序的过程,并在特定的条件下具有自我调控的组织能力。熵增代表着沙漠化过程,负熵增代表着沙漠化逆转过程。这对研究沙漠化过程的平衡稳定有序与非平衡稳定有序的关系,恶化与逆转、单因素与综合、部分与整体的关系提供了新的理论武器,并认为耗散结构理论的思想有助于建立一门有关“过程”的沙漠生态学,以丰富沙漠化研究的理论意义。     

煤层底板原位综合测试及突水危险性评估

在实施井下钻孔水压致裂地应力测量的同时,评价岩层阻水性能,确定导升带高度,做到一孔多用。测试区实际观测表明,泥岩、粉砂岩、中砂岩、灰岩阻水性能由大到小,导升高度则由小变大,平均导升高度约32m; 地应力测量表明,该测试区原始地应力状态为SH＞Sv＞Sh,最大水平主应力方向NE至NEE。突水临界指数评价表明,-550m水平采煤工作面掘进时突水的可能性较大,应当采取防范措施。     

构造地质学中的地质思维初探

地质模型的建立,地质思维的正确运用已成为引导地质学前进的两个关键环节。本文以构造地质学领域中近年来的研究成果为基础,探讨了与空间和时间有关的地质思维问题。指出:一个地质现象的观察,一定要结合高一级尺度和低一级尺度的综合研究,才能得出既有形成机制、又有组合规律的全面结论;一个构造形迹,一定要尽力区分出不同的递进变形阶段,以提供以时间为坐标的演化序列。文末,笔者提供了两个研究实例,一个用小构造分析论证区域构造演化,一个据叠加变形原理,把研究对象区分成不同的区段和亚域。     

三角高程测量中大气折光影响的分析

大气折光是测绘领域数据采集时的主要误差来源之一。本文从大气折射率与大气密度的关系入手,论述了大气折光的两种形式,详细分析了大气折光对天顶距测量和光电测距的影响,进一步论证了在温度梯度逆转时刻进行观测可以有效地削弱大气折光误差对测量结果的影响。     

Simulation of the progressive failure of an embankment on soft soil

A pragmatic strain-softening constitutive model, which is based on Modified Cam Clay, was applied to the simulation of the progressive failure of an embankment constructed on a deposit of sensitive (strain-softening) clay in Saga, Japan. A comparison of the predictions for this case indicates that if softening is ignored, only relatively small deflections and consolidation settlements are predicted, especially after construction. In contrast, for the case where softening is included in the analysis, progressive failure within the clay induces large shear deformations and finally failure of the embankment is predicted. This comparison suggests that softening-induced progressive failure should be considered in the design of embankments on such soils, and the residual strength of the deposit may have an important influence on the overall factor of safety of the construction. Detailed analyses of predicted excess pore water pressures, shear strains and shear stress levels in the ground indicate that considering the strain-softening process: (a) is associated with the buildup of excess pore water pressure; (b) promotes strain localization; and (c) results generally in a larger zone of soil involved in the failure.