中国对虾摄食行为的化学感觉生理学研究──Ⅲ.中国对虾幼体及早期仔虾的摄食行为及化学感觉

报道了中国对虾幼体及早期仔虾（ １）对轮虫（活体、死体）和卤虫无节幼体 （活体、死体）的摄食过程及摄食率；（２）对悬浮砂粒的摄食情况；（３）摄食水流的产 生机制、方向及模式；（４）对食物的化学敏感性。结果表明，中国对虾幼体及早期仔 虾化学感觉机能不明显。摄食附肢的协调运动产生摄食水流。摄食水流一方面将 食物带到口器附近，另一方面能促进对虾对食物的机械感受。摄食水流的方向还可 以逆转。幼体及早期仔虾对食物的选择主要依据其大小、形状和运动性，而与食物 的化学组成（味道）关系不大。此阶段的对虾采取了悬浮摄食模式，且主动和被动两 种模式并存。本研究还表明，将幼体和早期仔虾的食性简单地区分为草食或肉食性 值得商榷。     

Prawn postlarvae fishing in coastal Bangladesh: Challenges for sustainable livelihoods

Fishing for prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) postlarvae is a major contributor to the livelihoods of the coastal poor in Bangladesh, including women. A study of coastal livelihoods along the lower Pasur River in southwest Bangladesh indicates that on average 40% of total annual income comes from postlarvae fishing during the few months involved. However, indiscriminate fishing of wild postlarvae, with high levels of by-catch, has an impact on biodiversity in coastal ecosystems. This has provoked imposition of restrictions on postlarvae collection. The ban has, however, not been firmly enforced because of the lack of alternative livelihoods for coastal poor. A conceptual framework, drawn from an approach to poverty reduction known as the sustainable livelihoods approach, is applied to understanding the role of prawn postlarvae fishing. Evidence from this study suggests that postlarvae fishers faced a number of livelihood constraints, including poor livelihood assets. This paper concludes that wider livelihood options need to be found for postlarvae fishers to support their livelihoods.     

葛氏长臂虾的幼体发育

于１９９１年４月，从长江口采集葛氏长臂虾标本，实验室进行幼体发育研究，结果表明，幼体自孵出后，在水温２４℃、盐度１２、饵料充足的条件下，有规律的每２天蜕皮１次，共经１１次蜕皮，约２２ｄ完成变态，入仔虾期。     

Effects of Salinity and Mangrove Detritus on Desorption of Metals from Brackish Water Desorption of Metals from Brackish Water and Shrimp

Desorption and bioaccumulation of Cd, Zn, and Pb were studied using naturally contaminated sediment from a brackish water pond in the Sunderban Biosphere Reserve in India. Pattern of desorption of the metals from the sediment and bioaccumulation in fingerlings of the teleost Oreochromis mossambicusand postlarvae of the shrimp Penaeus monodon were studied as a function of salinity and loading of detritus of a mangrove plant. Effects of both salinity and loading of detritus on bioaccumulation of the metals were studied under two conditions: either the animals were allowed free access to the sediment or access was denied. Ninety‐six hour experiments showed that desorption of Cd and Pb from sediment into water increased with salinity of the medium while desorption of Zn decreased. Salinity of the medium also had a significant effect on the bioaccumulation of metals by fish; Cd and Pb accumulation decreased in saline medium while the accumulation of Zn increased. Conditions of access to sediment had no effect on the bioaccumulation of metals by fish; effect of interaction between salinity and access condition was also insignificant. The access conditions, however, significantly influenced accumulation of metal by the shrimp postlarvae. The effect of interaction between salinity and access condition was insignificant in influencing the bioaccumulation of all metals except Zn. The accumulation of Zn increased as a function of the salinity of the medium when shrimp postlarvae were allowed access to the sediment. Desorption of metals from sediment to water were below detection limits when detritus of a mangrove plant was added to the medium. Both the level of detritus and the conditions of access influenced accumulation of metals by fish, but the effect of interaction between the two factors were found to be insignificant. Shrimp postlarvae showed net accumulation only of Pb in the presence of detritus and the accumulation of Pb increased when the larvae were separated from the sediment. The results are important in understanding the mobility of metals between solid and aqueous phases in brackish water environments that experience periodic fluctuations in salinity and fluxes of organic load in the form of mangrove detritus.