基于多种GPS数据研究福建及其邻近海域1994-1997年地壳水平运动

为研究中国大陆东南部的边缘海动力学,基于中国大陆和福建区域的ＧＰＳ观测网 以及环绕中国大陆的ＩＧＳ（Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ ＧＰＳ Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ）跟踪站在１９９４—１９９７年间的测量数据, 建立块体运动和块内变形两种力学模型,研究了福建及其邻近海域现今地壳水平运动速度场 和应变率场．结果表明：无论在中国大陆还是在中国大陆周边框架内,或相对于台湾而言,福 建及其邻近海域均整体地向着东南或东偏南方向,即指向海洋的方向作水平运动．运动平均 速率为１１．２±３．０ｍｍ／ａ（福建网）或１４．０±４．０ｍｍ／ａ（全国网）．然而在福建区域内还存在着 一种由海洋指向大陆内部的北西向运动,其运动平均速率为 ３．０± ２．６ｍｍ／ ａ．区域应变率场 主压应变方位为ＮＷ（ＮＷＷ）－ＳＥ（ＳＥＥ）．印度板块对欧亚板块的碰撞通过中国大陆内部各 块体间的侧向传递和菲律宾海板块对台湾（欧亚大陆东南沿）的仰冲与挤压,同时作用到福建 及其邻近海域。此种联合作用现今仍在继续进行中,前者的影响比后者更强烈,但前者形成的 速率场均匀,而后者不均匀。     

一种估计观测资料动态误差的方法

给出一种较好的观测资料动态误差估计的方法：单圈改进法，该方法从轨道理论出发，有明确的物理背景，避免了最小二乘拟合阶数和Vondrak平滑法平滑因子不确定性，较为准确地估计了观测资料的动态误差．另外该方法能够反映观测资料的不正常的跳动，对准确地评估观测仪器的性能，进一步改进观测仪器是有益处的．     

红层软岩隧洞围岩变形破坏机制研究

红层软岩的物质组成、化学成分、物理力学性质等方面在国内外已有较系统的研究,但对软岩隧道围岩的变形破坏机理及其治理一直是工程技术人员关心问题。通过对回龙宫隧洞的地质环境分析及有限元数值计算,阐明了红层隧洞围岩的膨胀变形破坏机理,最后提出了在此类围岩中修建水工隧洞的过程中,防止围岩变形破坏的建议。     

The First James K. Mitchell Lecture In situ soil testing: from mechanics to interpretation†

The current use of fundamental mechanics in developing rational interpretation methods for deriving soil properties from in situ test results is reviewed and evaluated. The focus is on some of the most widely used in situ test devices including cone penetrometers with and without pore pressure measurements (CPTU and CPT), self-boring and cone pressuremeters (SBPMT and CPMT), and flat dilatometers (DMT). In situ tests in both cohesive and frictional soils for measuring strength and stiffness properties, in situ state parameters, consolidation coefficients, stress history, and in situ stresses are considered in detail.     

Seismic radiation from dynamic coalescence, and the reconstruction of dynamic source parameters on a planar fault

The dynamic coalescence of two mode II cracks on a planar fault is simulated here using the elastodynamic boundary integral equation method. We focus on the complexity of the resultant slip rate and seismic radiation in the crack coalescence model (CCM) and on the reconstruction of a single crack model (SCM) that can reproduce the CCM waveforms from heterogeneous source parameters rather than coalescence. Simulation results reveal that localized higher slip rates are generated by coalescence as a result of stress interaction between the approaching crack tips. The synthesized seismic radiation exhibits a distinct coalescence phase that has striking similarities to stopping phases in the radiation and propagation properties. The corresponding SCM yields a singular increase in the stress drop distribution, which is accompanied by a sudden decrease in it across the point of coalescence in the CCM. This implies that the generation of high-frequency radiation is more efficient from coalescence than from stopping, although both phenomena exhibit the same strong  ω⁻²  -type displacement spectra.     

Numerical modelling of rise and fall of a dense layer in salt diapirs

Numerical models are used to study the entrainment of a dense anhydrite layer by a diapir. The anhydrite layer is initially horizontally embedded within a viscous salt layer. The diapir is down-built by aggradation of non-Newtonian sediments ( n = 4, constant temperature) placed on the top of the salt layer. Several parameters (sedimentation rate, salt viscosity, perturbation width and stratigraphic position of the anhydrite layer) are studied systematically to understand their role in governing the entrainment of the anhydrite layer. High sedimentation rates during the early stages of the diapir evolution bury the initial perturbation and, thus, no diapir forms. The anhydrite layer sinks within the buried salt layer. For the same sedimentation rate, increasing viscosity of the salt layer decreases the rise rate of the diapir and reduces the amount (volume) of the anhydrite layer transported into the diapir. Model results show that viscous salt is capable of carrying separate blocks of the anhydrite layer to relatively higher stratigraphic levels. Varying the width of the initial perturbation (in our calculations 400–800 m), from which a diapir triggers, shows that wider diapirs can more easily entrain an embedded anhydrite layer than the narrower diapirs. The anhydrite layer is entrained as long as rise rate of the diapir exceeds the descent rate of the denser anhydrite layer. We conclude that the four parameters mentioned above govern the ability of a salt diapir to entrain an embedded dense layer. However, the model results show that the entrained blocks inevitably sink back if the rise rate of the diapir is less than the rate of descent of the anhydrite layer or the diapir is permanently covered by a stiff overburden in case of high sedimentation rates.     

Thin elastic shells with variable thickness for lithospheric flexure of one-plate planets

Planetary topography can either be modelled as a load supported by the lithosphere, or as a dynamic effect due to lithospheric flexure caused by mantle convection. In both cases the response of the lithosphere to external forces can be calculated with the theory of thin elastic plates or shells. On one-plate planets the spherical geometry of the lithospheric shell plays an important role in the flexure mechanism. So far the equations governing the deformations and stresses of a spherical shell have only been derived under the assumption of a shell of constant thickness. However, local studies of gravity and topography data suggest large variations in the thickness of the lithosphere. In this paper, we obtain the scalar flexure equations governing the deformations of a thin spherical shell with variable thickness or variable Young's modulus. The resulting equations can be solved in succession, except for a system of two simultaneous equations, the solutions of which are the transverse deflection and an associated stress function. In order to include bottom loading generated by mantle convection, we extend the method of stress functions to include loads with a toroidal tangential component. We further show that toroidal tangential displacement always occurs if the shell thickness varies, even in the absence of toroidal loads. We finally prove that the degree-one harmonic components of the transverse deflection and of the toroidal tangential displacement are independent of the elastic properties of the shell and are associated with translational and rotational freedom. While being constrained by the static assumption, degree-one loads can deform the shell and generate stresses. The flexure equations for a shell of variable thickness are useful not only for the prediction of the gravity signal in local admittance studies, but also for the construction of stress maps in tectonic analysis.     

旁压试验在苏通大桥地质勘察工程中的应用

详细介绍了旁压试验的使用方法,以及受潮汐影响的大桥勘察旁压原位测试中的特殊处理措施,分析了旁压试验中各强度参数指标的处理方法和原则,并运用这些方法和原则处理了苏通大桥旁压试验的强度参数指标,为大桥的设计提供了设计强度参数,也可为同类工程提供参考意义。     

1995年永登地震山体变形计算机模拟与机理分析

1995年甘肃永登5．8级地震引起了黄土山梁的酥裂震陷，说明黄土在较小震级下也会有失稳现象．利用三维土体的有限元计算方法，对永登地震山体变形进行了计算机模拟，并定量地分析了变形的机理。     

Numerical inversion of deformation caused by pressure sources: application to Mount Etna (Italy)

The interpretation of geodetic data in volcanic areas is usually based on analytical deformation models. Although numerical finite element (FE) modelling allows realistic features such as topography and crustal heterogeneities to be included, the technique is not computationally convenient for solving inverse problems using classical methods. In this paper, we develop a general tool to perform inversions of geodetic data by means of 3-D FE models. The forward model is a library of numerical displacement solutions, where each entry of the library is the surface displacement due to a single stress component applied to an element of the grid. The final solution is a weighted combination of the six stress components applied to a single element-source. The pre-computed forward models are implemented in a global search algorithm, followed by an appraisal of the sampled solutions. After providing extended testing, we apply the method to model the 1993–1997 inflation phase at Mt Etna, documented by GPS and EDM measurements. We consider four different forward libraries, computed in models characterized by homogeneous/heterogeneous medium and flat/topographic free surface. Our results suggest that the elastic heterogeneities of the medium can significantly alter the position of the inferred source, while the topography has minor effect.