Biodegradability of the Anti-tumour Agents 5-Fluorouracil,Cytarabine, and Gemcitabine: Impact of the Chemical Structure and Synergistic Toxicity with Hospital Effluent

Most anti-tumour agents are known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic or fetotoxic. Only little is known about the environmental impact of pharmaceuticals. Unmetabolized active substances are excreted and will show up in municipal wastewater. Therefore, we examined the biodegradability of the widely used anti-tumour agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), also as an example for assessing the impact of hospital effluent on the biodegradation of a test compound. The biodegradability of the structurally similar anti-tumour agents cytarabine and gemcitabine was also examined. Test systems used were the closed bottle test (OECD 301 D) and the modified Zahn-Wellens test (OECD 302 B). 5-FU was not biodegradable in the closed bottle test (CBT) nor in the Zahn-Wellens test (ZWT). At the highest concentration of 5-FU, with hospital effluent an inhibition of the degradation of substances present in hospital effluent was observed, probably as a result of a synergistic effect by 5-FU with antibiotics present in hospital sewage. Gemcitabine was biodegraded 42% in the CBT. The prolongation of the test period to 40 days only improved the result to 45%. In the ZWT, the biodegradation of gemcitabine was 50%. Cytarabine was partially biodegraded in the CBT (50%), but only after an adaptation period of 20 days. After a test prolongation to 40 days, the degree of biodegradation was 80%. In the ZWT, the biodegradability was > 95% after only a few days.     

铁屑微电解法深度处理医院废水

用铁屑微电池原理深度处理了医院废水 ,分析了废水pH、铁屑用量、反应时间对处理效果的影响。结果表明 ,最佳的反应条件为 :废水进水pH为 3.5 ,铁屑用量为 12 .5 % ,常温反应 80min。     

超速电脑X光扫描机

香港山顶地区的明德医院于1990年12月开始使用超速电脑CT 扫描机。这是除美国和日本外在亚太地区首家唯一装备有此种扫描机的医院。Imatron 超速CT 扫描机是目前使用电子射束技术的最先进的诊断成像系统。超速CT 扫描机完全放弃了传统的机械旋转探测器或X 射线管组合,既克服了广泛使用的常规CT 扫描机在扫描速度上的难关,又解决了X 射线管的热散失问题。     

新疆木垒县人民医院医技楼抗震鉴定

对新疆维吾尔自治区木垒哈萨克自治县人民医院医技楼进行抗震鉴定工作,主要依据《GB50023-2009建筑抗震鉴定标准》开展。通过具体工作说明A类砌体房屋二级抗震鉴定的方法、过程、内容,以便类似工程借鉴。鉴定结果表明,木垒县人民医院医技楼房屋整体连接构造的可靠性和横墙间距不符合一级鉴定要求,因此在第二级鉴定中采用综合抗震能力指数的方法,最终得出该建筑物不满足鉴定标准要求的结论。该建筑物需要加固或采取其他维护措施达到抗震能力标准。     

Concentration of Ciprofloxacin in Brazilian Hospital Effluent and Preliminary Risk Assessment: A Case Study

This study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of the fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent ciprofloxacin (CIP) in the effluent of the Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria (HUSM). Measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of CIP in the hospital wastewater, both before (P1) and after (P2) cesspit/filter system treatment (CFTS), were determined by means of solid phase extraction and reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC‐FLD) and reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (LC‐MS/MS). The MECs (n = 7 daily composed samples) were 19 to 155 μg L^–1 (average: 54 ± 21 μg L^–1) and 32 to 99 μg L^–1 (average: 65 ± 45 μg L^–1) in P1 and P2, respectively. No relevant removal was observed from P1 to P2. In a worst case scenario, the final effluent was regarded as MECs of surface water. These MECs were generally 5 to 20,000‐fold higher than what was previously known. If the present data is drawn on to form a model of the situation in developing countries, the picture provides a first rough indication that the environmental risk associated with the use and emission of pharmaceuticals into the environment in developing countries might be higher than in developed countries.     

Hospital Laundry Wastewater Disinfection with Catalytic Photoozonation

Wastewater production in a hospital laundry and the treatment of the most critical wastewater stream, are assessed. Hospital laundry wastewaters are hazardous to the environment due to their high pollutant concentrations and the chemicals added during the clothes washing process. Heterogeneous photocatalysis with UV, O₃ and TiO₂ and their possible combinations were used for disinfection purposes. A ramp‐type reactor was used for TiO₂ (P25 Degussa) fixation and for photochemical diffusion of the ozonized air. After assessing 5‐day biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, pH, turbidity, and surfactant content, and checking for the presence of thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli, it was concluded that UV/O₃/TiO₂ was the best process/combination, yielding a 100% disinfection rate and a microbiological inactivation of 0.5070 min^–1 for E. coli and of 0.5505 min^–1 for thermotolerant coliforms.     

对现代化医院建筑设计的几点认识与思考

本文结合实际建成的医院范例简要介绍了国内外现代化医院建筑设计的过程及特点,论述了设计过程与方法在医院建筑设计中的重要性。从设计前期、总体规划设计、单体设计几个阶段的设计工作方法、需要解决哪些问题等几方面阐述了作者的认识与观点。     

Evaluating and re-demarcating the Hospital Service Areas in Florida

The Hospital Service Areas (HSAs) better portray underlying local patterns of hospitalization than administrative units, and offer a promising analysis unit for studies of healthcare market. The widely used Dartmouth HSAs in the U.S. were solely based on Medicare inpatient records about two decades ago. Our analysis used all discharge records from Florida hospitals in the 2011 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) dataset from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). We first matched Medicare-paid hospitalization records in 2011 to the Dartmouth HSAs for demonstrating the temporal variation of the Medicare-derived HSAs. We then compared the HSA configurations based on the overall hospitalization records to Medicare-derived HSAs in the same year (2011) for assessing the representativeness of the Medicare-derived HSAs. Results indicate the boundaries of the Medicare-derived HSAs have significantly shifted over two decades and are inadequate in representing the overall population. The Huff model was used to generate more solid HSAs than traditional approaches.     

Determination of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim and Their Metabolites in Hospital Effluent

In this work, an analytical methodological study was carried out to determine the antimicrobials sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, as well as their metabolites, in hospital effluent. The determinations were conducted by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using a hybrid triple quadrupole‐linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LC‐QqLIT‐MS). The data acquisition was made in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, in which two SRM transitions were monitored to ensure that the target compounds were accurately identified by the information dependent acquisition (IDA) function. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.25 and 0.80 µg L^?1 for sulfamethoxazole and 0.15 and 0.50 µg L^?1 for trimethoprim. The linear range for the SMX was 0.8–100.0 µg L^?1 and TMP was 0.5–100.0 µg L^?1 on the basis of six‐point calibration curves generated by means of linear regression analysis. The coefficients of the correlation were higher than 0.999, which ensured the linearity of the method. The average concentration of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim found in hospital effluent was 27.8 and 6.65 µg L^?1, respectively. The analytical methodology employed allowed two metabolites to be identified, N4‐acetyl‐sulfamethoxazole and α‐hydroxy‐trimethoprim. Fragmentation pathways were proposed.