COMPARING DISTORTION ON SKETCH MAPS AND MDS CONFIGURATIONS∗

The terms “pure'’and “applied'’were used in connection with mathematics and the sciences in the Nineteenth Century and were affixed to geography no later than 1890. This paper is a review of some early occurrences of the term “applied geography'’in the period 1890–1904.     

COMPARING DISTORTION ON SKETCH MAPS AND MDS CONFIGURATIONS*

The mental images on which an individual bases spatial decisions are often distorted versions of real-world geography. Distortion in these images is studied by extracting paired distance estimates and by requesting a sketch of a place drawn from memory. Reliance upon either technique to elicit large-scale spatial information assumes that distortion in the congnitive map is not introduced by the technique (sketching or configuration) used to construct it. Both techniques have been used in this study to produce cognitive maps for a common set of landmarks in Seattle. Map distortions are analyzed and compared to determine that significant differences result from the technique used.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Main meiofauna taxa as an indicator for assessing the spatial and seasonal impact of fish farming

The present study aimed to establish potential indicators of fish farming pollution in muddy substrate, by means of meiofauna, and to test whether the effect of the fish farm is more important to determine the meiofauna community than the seasonal environmental conditions. Sampling was performed in spring, after several months of light feeding, and in summer, at high food supply. Samples were collected in three directions at various distances from the floating cages. Harpacticoid copepods and kinorhynchs, whose abundance decreased under the cages, were put forward as indicator taxa. However, harpacticoid copepods were sensitive to fish farm only, while kinorhynchs showed responsiveness to fish farm and to seasonal environmental conditions. Total meiofauna density was dependent on season sensu stricto. The nMDS clearly showed a ‘cage community’ and ‘control community’ in both sampling occasions; therefore it is a good tool for impact assessment.     

岩溶区坡耕地土壤肥力综合评价——以重庆中梁山坡耕地样区为例

坡耕地是我国西南地区最重要的土地利用类型,也是我国一项重要的国土资源。由于该地区坡耕地石漠化程度高,土壤侵蚀问题严重,致使坡耕地土壤肥力不断退化。以重庆市中梁山坡耕地样区为例,采用模糊综合指数法进行小尺度坡耕地土壤肥力评价。经取样数合理性分析表明,25个样点估计研究区土壤肥力评价能够满足90 %置信水平条件下,10 %、15 %和20 %的相对误差取样数的精度要求;运用主成分分析（PCA）,通过计算变量的Norm值筛选有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、耕层厚度和粉黏比进入最小数据集（MDS）,并对进入MDS的肥力因子进行相关系数分析检验,表明选取的MDS能最大程度表达坡耕地土壤属性信息;利用隶属度函数实现评价指标量纲归一化并对单项肥力指标进行评价,采用加权求和模型计算土壤肥力综合指数（IFI）,结果表明,土壤有机质和全磷是影响研究区土壤肥力的限制因子,研究区80 %样地肥力综合指数在0.40～0.60之间,肥力水平处于中等程度。      

湿地植被类型提取及其生长期变化特征分析

针对随着全球气候变化、人口剧增和社会经济的发展,湿地生态系统及其生物多样性面临前所未有的威胁和干扰的现状,该文通过利用若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区植被类型样点提取的长时间序列中分辨率成像光谱仪归一化植被指数同一像元值数据,采用非度量多维尺度分类方法,分析其提取植被类型的可靠性,并对植被生长期变化特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:长时间序列原始与Savitzky-Golay重构的归一化植被指数数据按植被类型分类结果显著,应力系数分别是0.07和0.04;保护区植被归一化植被指数值与降水量、温度存在中度、高度线性相关;保护区沼泽植被生长期呈延长趋势,草甸和沙地植被生长期在时间上有向后推移的趋势。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine sediments from industrialized bays of Korea

Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in coastal sediments from heavily industrialized areas and major harbors in Korea. SummationPBDE(20) concentrations in sediments ranged from 2.03 to 2253ng/g dry weight. PBDE concentrations were higher at estuarine and inner bay locations close to industrial complexes and large harbors, indicating that the PBDE contamination in the sediments is due to local discharges from industrial complexes. Deca-BDE was the predominant congener and the concentrations were comparable to or higher than those reported from other countries. Non-parametric multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination showed that deca-BDE technical mixture is the main source of PBDE contamination in Korean coastal waters, with minor contamination by octa-BDE product. This result is consistent with the consumption pattern of brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) in Korea. Significant correlations existed among BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154; however, BDEs 183 and 209 showed little correlation with less highly brominated congeners.     

城市居民认知距离透视认知变形 ——-以北京市为例

对距离的认知是人类建立认知空间框架的重要基础。本文在相关研究的基础上, 对认知距离的特点进行了分析, 提出从数量认知距离与实际认知距离两种分析角度来分析这一概念。通过分别利用定义一元线性回归, 与 采用多维标度法(MDS)及二维回归(BR), 对认知距离的标量变形和向量变形进行定量分析。在此基础上, 以北京市 为例, 对北京市居民进行抽样调查。通过认知心理学实验的方式, 令被试估计城市主要地标两两之间的距离。对实 验结果分别将上述方法应用于计算北京市居民在标量变形和向量变形的定量化表示, 并进一步通过方差分析 (ANOVA)讨论了影响北京市居民对城市距离认知变形的因素, 包括年龄、居住地区等。