Stability,transformations and stabilizing potential of an amorphous manganese oxide and its surface-modified form in contaminated soils

A surface-modified amorphous manganese oxide (SM-AMO) was prepared to increase the stability of a previously studied promising stabilizing agent and to compare its immobilizing efficiency with respect to contaminating metals with the original material. To synthesize the SM-AMO, the AMO surface was synthetically covered with a coating of MnCO₃ because newly formed rhodochrosite precipitates were previously found to increase the stability of AMO particles in soils. A preliminary experiment evaluating the long-term stability of both materials in pure water suggested higher stability for the SM-AMO particles, showing a smaller release of Mn compared to the original AMO. An adsorption kinetics study focused on As, Cd, Pb and Zn showed lower adsorption rates and adsorption capacity for Zn, probably as a result of partial surface passivation. In comparison to these results for simple controlled systems, different effects were recorded when the two materials were applied to contaminated soils. When incubated in soil, a constantly lower mass loss was recorded in the case of SM-AMO. There were no significant differences in the release of Mn and DOC into the soil solution or in the stabilizing efficiency with regard to contaminating metal(loid)s between the original and surface-modified materials. Concerning the potential solid phase transformations in soil conditions, we observed a gradual equilibration between the surface composition of both materials. While the newly formed rhodochrosite precipitated on the AMO surface, the MnCO₃ coatings on SM-AMO gradually dissolved. Both amendments also effectively supported microbial activity, especially in the more contaminated soil sample. Thus, despite the smaller mass loss, the effectiveness of both materials is comparable in the long term.     

吸附-交联法固定胰蛋白酶及在澄清啤酒中的应用

胰蛋白酶的固定化采用吸附-交联法.在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验,获得了胰蛋白酶固定化的最佳条件酶与载体体积比为21,吸附时间为10 h,pH=4.5,缓冲液浓度为0.05 mol/L,戊二醛的质量分数为0.1%.此条件下制得的磁性酶活力回收在50%左右,相对酶活力达74%,该磁性酶对啤酒澄清防止冷浑浊有明显效果.     

聚乙二醇硝化菌包埋固定化技术研究及应用

近年来,在固定化微生物处理污水方面国内研究报道逐渐增多,人们对于包埋材料也进行了多方面的探索,如琼脂,海藻酸钠,聚乙烯醇(PVA)等均见到相关研究报道,但是使用聚乙二醇(PEG)作为包埋材料的介绍比较少见,在国外,使用聚乙二醇(PEG)包埋固定化硝化菌的产品已经有了投放市场的产品。国内也有部分的研究。本文目的在于介绍该款产品在国内外研究及应用状况,期望能为国内同行提供参考。     

Immobilization of Cu and As in two contaminated soils with zero-valent iron – Long-term performance and mechanisms

Immobilization of trace elements in contaminated soils by zero-valent iron (ZVI) is a promising remediation method, but questions about its long-term performance remain unanswered. To quantify immobilization and predict possible contaminant remobilization on long timescales detailed knowledge about immobilization mechanisms is needed. This study aimed at assessing the long-term effect of ZVI amendments on dissolved copper and arsenic in contaminated soils, at exploring the immobilization mechanism(s), and at setting up a geochemical model able to estimate dissolved copper and arsenic under different scenarios. Samples from untreated and ZVI-treated plots in two field experiments where ZVI had been added 6 and 15 years ago were investigated by a combination of batch experiments, geochemical modeling and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Dissolved copper and arsenic concentrations were described by a multisurface geochemical model with surface complexation reactions, verified by EXAFS. The ZVI remained “reactive” after 6–15 years, i.e. the dissolved concentrations of copper and arsenic were lower in the ZVI-treated than in the untreated soils. There was a shift in copper speciation from organic matter complexes in the untreated soil to surface complexes with iron (hydr)oxides in the ZVI-treated soil. The pH value was important for copper immobilization and ZVI did not have a stabilizing effect if pH was lower than about 6. Immobilization of arsenic was slightly pH-dependent and sensitive to the competition with phosphate. If phosphate was ignored in the modeling, the dissolution of arsenate was greatly underestimated.     

Asteroid impact in the Black Sea. Death by drowning or asphyxiation?

Normally the consequences of an impact of an asteroid in a water body are discussed in terms of the beach run up of impact-generated waves. If even a small asteroid would hit the Black Sea, however, the potential emissions of toxic and flammable gases could be more disastrous to the region (comprised of Romania, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Turkey and Bulgaria) than the tsunami caused by the impact.     

Effect of Nickel and Cadmium on Ammonium Uptake Kinetics of Free and Immobilized Cells of Anacystis nidulans

The stress effect of Ni and Cd on the ammonium uptake varied significantly (ANOVA test) in free and immobilized state of the test organism. The effect due to the interaction between different variables (cell state type, metal type and metal dose) was studied to depict the significant or non‐significant variation in the ammonium uptake by free and immobilized cells in the presence of metal ions. Ammonium uptake exhibited a competitive mode of inhibition in the presence of Ni in both free and immobilized state of the organism. However, Cd exhibited non‐competitive and competitive inhibition in free and immobilized cells, respectively. The study demonstrates that there is a considerable influence of metal ions on the ammonium uptake. Cd was found to be more toxic compared to Ni in both free and immobilized state.     

Development of Easy and Reproducible Immobilization Techniques Using TiO2 for Photocatalytic Degradation of Aquatic Pollutants

Two main routes of methods for the preparation of photocatalytic active titanium dioxide films on glass substrates were investigated: (1) the use of titanium dioxide powder and (2) the in situ generation of the catalyst via hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) or TiCl₄. The activities of the catalyst films were evaluated by measuring the degradation of dichloroacetic acid (DCA), clofibric acid, and terbuthylazine used as model organic compounds. The concentration decrease of DCA and the concentration increase of chloride ions as the decomposition product allowed to distinguish between photocatalytic degradation of DCA and adsorption onto the TiO₂ films. Furthermore, TiO₂ films of the commercially available materials P25 (Degussa) and Hombikat UV100 (Sachtleben Chemie) were used to investigate whether there was a difference in the degradation pathways of terbuthylazine as a model compound. For the experiments mini flow‐through reactors were constructed. The investigated immobilization techniques were easy to handle without need of any expensive equipment. All TiO₂ coatings showed good photocatalytic activities and mechanical stabilities with efficient long‐term stabilities. The best immobilization reproducibility was achieved by the spray coating technique and by the in situ method with the dipping sol‐gel process starting by TTIP. During the continuous use of the TiO₂ films no TiO₂ particles were found in the irradiated solutions.