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1.
形变大地测量学的进展、问题与地震预报 总被引:12,自引:7,他引:5
简要概括了形变大地测量学的革命性进展,研讨了它的科学特色、功能和定义以及对地球科学和防灾减灾的推动。形变大地测量学有助于从根本上击破多年来制约地震预报的“瓶颈”,但也存在不少急待解决的问题。着重研讨了在21世纪前10年,形变大地测量学如何依托多年的学科积累并充分受益于人造卫星和数字化等新技术,开展创新性研究和试验以推进地震预报。为此,对当前的研究工作提出了12条科学技术途径。最后对学科名称提出了建议。 相似文献
2.
辽南早元古代辽河群中片麻状花岗岩的变形温度显示出645—690℃,550—610℃和485℃±三组温度值,表明花岗岩遭受了三幕构造变形。而区域构造解析亦表明辽河群在早元古时期经历了三幕构造变动。花岗岩的温度系列与区域变形序列具有一致性,排除了花岗岩晚期构造侵位的可能性。变形温度以550—610℃居多,意味着该幕构造形迹保存最好。第三幕变形变质作用相对较弱,仅局部出现485℃的温度值。 相似文献
3.
1 IntroductionDiscontinuousDeformationAnalysis(DDA)developedbyShiin 1 980’s[1 ,2 ] maybeusedtocalculatethedeformationanddisplacementsinamulti blocksystemandtoanalyzetherelationbe tweenforcesanddisplacementsinthesystem .Ifthesurveydisplacementofeverypointordirectionisknown,alldisplacementsanddeformationsofblocks,eventheglide ,theclosureandthestretchoftheboundary planeofblocks ,canbecalculated .TheresultisoptimallyfittedaccordingtotheLeastSquarePrinciple.DDAismainlyusedinrockblockssystems… 相似文献
4.
Cengiz Kuzu 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(5):1075-1080
Ground vibrations generated by commercial explosives in tunnel construction may cause structural damage in urban areas. Therefore,
suppressing the vibration effects and mitigating the possible hazard after blasting is important. We present a new method
of controlled blasting that is environmentally friendly, and easy to utilize for tunnel construction. Small charges in this
method are detonated sequentially to produce minimum side effects. The efficiency of the charges may be increased based on
the previously monitored shots. This method is utilized in a tunnel construction in Istanbul with five experimental shots.
In these experiments, the duration and also the quantity of explosives were carefully controlled. We were able to obtain better
results with short durations (480 ms) instead of long durations (9,000 ms) although the vibration levels defined as peak particle
velocity (PPV) became bigger while the quantity of the explosive charge increased from 3.088 to 9.264 kg. 相似文献
5.
Investigations were carried out at three underground coal mines in India to study the response of surface structures to underground
blasting and the likelihood of damage to the structures. The structures in the vicinity of the underground blasting area were
single and multistoried residential houses. The amplitudes of vibration due to underground blasting were monitored simultaneously
on the ground surface near the foundation of the structures and on various floors of the structures. The vibrations were also
monitored near the important surface installations. It was observed that the magnitude of vibration in structures decreased
with the increase in the height of the structures. The frequency of blast vibration from underground blasting was higher than
the natural frequency of the structures. Little energy was transmitted into the structures, which caused reduction in the
vibration level in the structures. The reduction in the vibration levels was up to 45% in the houses. It indicates that the
dominant frequency of blast vibration plays an important role in persistence of vibration and its amplification or reduction
characteristics in the structures. This paper deals with the effect of the vibrations on structures/houses standing above
the blasting faces in underground workings and their potential to likely damage to the structures at different Indian geo-mining
conditions. 相似文献
6.
A modified DRASTIC model for Siting Confined Animal Feeding Operations in Williams County,Ohio, USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Three of DRASTIC’s parameters (Depth to Water, Soil Media, and Topography) were modified and another parameter was added (land
use/land cover) to the model to determine the potential impact on groundwater from Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO)
manure lagoon settings and manure application as fertilizer. Williams County is a mostly agricultural county located in northwest
Ohio, USA. It currently has three CAFOs, all dairy, with the possibility of the construction of a multi-million chicken egg
CAFO in the near future. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilized to modify the Ohio Department of Natural Resources
(ODNR) DRASTIC map for the county to fully assess the county-wide pollution potential of CAFOs. The CAFO DRASTIC map indicates
that almost half of Williams County has elevated groundwater pollution potential. The rest of the county, primarily the southeast
corner, has lower CAFO groundwater pollution potential. Future CAFO development within the county should focus on the southeastern
portion of the county where the groundwater table is deeper, and the aquifer is composed of shale substrate with low hydraulic
conductivity. The CAFO DRASTIC results are intended to be used as a screening tool and are not to replace site-specific hydrogeologic
investigations. 相似文献
7.
Thomas B. Boving Mark H. Stolt Janelle Augenstern Brian Brosnan 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(3):571-582
The control of polluted surface runoff and the assessment of possible impacts on groundwater is a concern at the local and
regional scale. On this background, a study investigates possible impacts of organic and inorganic pollutants (including bacteria)
originating from a permeable asphalt parking lot on the water quality immediately beneath it. The functioning of the permeable
pavement, including clogging and restricted vertical percolation, was also evaluated. Four nested sample ports (shallow and
deep) were installed below low- and high-traffic areas, including one port outside the parking lot. At least initially there
was a good hydraulic connection between the parking surface and the shallow sample ports. The presence of a geotextile layer
at the base of the parking lot structure, however, was identified in lab tests as one factor restricting vertical percolation
to the deeper ports. Clogging of the permeable surface was most pronounced in heavy traffic areas and below snow pile storage
areas. Corroborated by high electric conductivity and chloride measurements, sand brought in by cars during winter was the
principal cause for clogging. No bacteria or BOD were found in percolating water. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were
present at concentrations near minimum detection limit. Nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) were being leached into the ground
via the permeable parking lot surface at annual flux rates of 0.45–0.84 g/m2/year. A multi-species tracer test demonstrated a retention capacity of the permeable parking lot structure of >90% for metals
and 27% for nutrients, respectively. 相似文献
8.
Historical evidence shows block breakdown and collapse are actively occurring in large fault aligned caverns in the Yorkshire Dales karst. Deployment of ground penetrating radar at two such sites has provided detailed images of the sedimentary sequences below the present day cavern floor but no large blocks are imaged within the sediments. Solutional processes must be removing limestone from the sediment to allow continued cavern growth. Possible mechanisms to account for the lack of large blocks within the sediment fill are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Deep dissolution affects great part of soluble rocks (e.g. gypsum and anhydrite) of the Western Italian Alps. The related superficial phenomena (sinkholes, gravity-induced processes and a local worsening of geomechanical rock properties) are not limited to typical karsts landscape and cause slope instability also affecting populated sites and infrastructures. The paper aims to describe general characteristic of dissolution phenomena, to interpret their conditioning factors and evolutionary stages and to assess possible hazards due to their superficial effects.The search for evidences of deep dissolution leads to the selection of representative sites in the central part of the Western Italian Alps (Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Region). Detailed geological and geomorphological studies have been used to classify the selected sites by type, size and variable state of activity. Very different evolutionary stages of dissolution phenomena have been interpreted by comparison of case-studies: some are early “embryonic”; others are more evolved, up to typical sinkholes, or even remodelled by other phenomena. Some cases show an extreme complexity in the interactions between corrosion phenomena and other geomorphic processes: slope deformations, from one side, and karst, fluvial and glacial phenomena, to the other. A wide range of movement rates on slope instabilities induced by deep dissolution have been estimated by topographic and geomorphic data. Geochemical data on removed rocks by dissolution indicate 0.4 mm/year values for local subsidence. Historical and technical data indicate low frequency of major dissolution-induced collapses, but highlight widespread damages to tunnels, roads and buildings, especially along slopes. 相似文献
10.
Nonlinear Analysis of Local Site Effects on Seismic Ground Response in the Bam Earthquake 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. H. T. Rayhani M. H. El Naggar S. H. Tabatabaei 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2008,26(1):91-100
The influence of local geologic and soil conditions on the intensity of ground shaking is addressed in this study. The amplification
of the ground motion due to local site effects resulted in severe damage to dwellings in the Bam area during the 2003 Bam
Earthquake. A unique set of strong motion acceleration recordings was obtained at the Bam accelerograph station. Although
the highest peak ground acceleration recorded was the vertical component (nearly 1 g), the longitudinal component (fault-parallel
motion) clearly had the largest maximum velocity as well as maximum ground displacement. Subsurface geotechnical and geophysical
(down-hole) data in two different sites have been obtained and used to estimate the local site condition on earthquake ground
motion in the area. The ground response analyses have been conducted considering the nonlinear behavior of the soil deposits
using both equivalent linear and nonlinear approaches. The fully nonlinear method embodied in FLAC was used to evaluate the
nonlinear soil properties on earthquake wave propagation through the soil layer, and compare with the response from the equivalent
linear approach. It is shown that thick alluvium deposits amplified the ground motion and resulted in significant damage in
residential buildings in the earthquake stricken region. The comparison of results indicated similar response spectra of the
motions for both equivalent and nonlinear analyses, showing peaks in the period range of 0.3–1.5 s. However, the amplification
levels of nonlinear analysis were less than the equivalent linear method especially in long periods. The observed response
spectra are shown to be above the NEHRP building code design requirements, especially at high frequencies. 相似文献