应用数字散斑相关方法实验研究雁列断层变形破坏过程

以数字散斑相关方法（DSCM）为观测手段,对雁列断层结构的破坏过程进行了实验研究,观测和分析了变形破坏过程中模型表面的变形场演化过程.断层结构由一块含两条平行割缝的大理岩平板模拟,模型试件在双轴试验机上加载;DSCM观测系统在加载过程中记录试件表面的散斑图像,然后分析得到模型表面待测区域各记录时刻的位移场及应变场.全场连续的变形数据清晰地反映了雁列断层结构的变形破坏过程的各种细节.实验结果显示,变形最初集中在断层带周围,然后迁移到雁列区,最后雁列区贯通,结构发生滑动导致整个结构发生失稳破坏.对变形破坏过程中的变形场进行统计分析发现,一种描述变形局部化特征的统计指标—Cv值,可以作为一个雁列断层破坏的前兆指标.     

山西断陷盆地带形成机制的初步数值模拟

本文在分析山西断陷盆地带的各种地质、地球物理资料的基础上,用三维粘-弹塑性有限元方法对该断陷带的形成机制进行了模拟计算。表明山西断陷盆地带的形成是地壳深部的上隆作用和北东—南西向挤压应力场在深部隐伏断裂上派生的右旋滑动共同作用的结果。地壳深部的上隆是一个主要的不可忽视的因素     

4D analogue modelling of transtensional pull-apart basins

Scaled sandbox models were used to investigate the 4D evolution of pull-apart basins formed above underlapping releasing stepovers in both pure strike-slip and transtensional basement fault systems. Serial sectioning and 3D volume reconstruction permitted analysis of the full 3D fault geometries. Results show that very different pull-apart basins are developed in transtension compared to pure strike-slip. Both types of models produced elongate, sigmoidal to rhomboidal pull-apart systems, but the transtensional pull-apart basins were significantly wider and uniquely developed a basin margin of en-echelon oblique-extensional faults. Dual, opposing depocentres formed in the transtensional model whereas a single, central depocentre formed in pure strike-slip. In transtension, a distinct narrow graben system formed above the principal displacement zones (PDZs). Cross-basin fault systems that linked the offset PDZs formed earlier in the transtensional models.Sequential model runs to higher PDZ displacements allowed the progressive evolution of the fault systems to be evaluated. In cross-section, transtensional pull-aparts initiated as asymmetric grabens bounded by planar oblique-extensional faults. With increasing displacement on the PDZs, basin subsidence caused these faults to become concave-upwards and lower in dip angle due to fault block collapse towards the interior of the basin. In addition, strain partitioning caused fault slip to become either predominantly extensional or strike-slip. The models compare closely with the geometries of natural pull-apart basins including the southern Dead Sea fault system and the Vienna Basin, Austria.     

Gravitational spreading causes en-echelon diking along a rift zone of Madeira Archipelago: an experimental approach and implications for magma transport

Many volcanic rift zones show dikes that are oriented oblique rather than parallel to the morphological ridge axis. We have evidence that gravitational spreading of volcanoes may adjust the orientation of ascending dikes within the crust and segment them into en-echelon arrays. This is exemplified by the Desertas Islands which are the surface expression of a 60 km long submarine ridge in southeastern Madeira Archipelago. The azimuth of the main dike swarm (average = 145°) deviates significantly from that of the morphological ridge (163°) defining an en-echelon type arrangement. We propose that this deviation results from the gravitational stress field of the overlapping volcanic edifices, reinforced by volcano spreading on weak substratum. We tested our thesis experimentally by mounting analogue sand piles onto a sand and viscous PDMS substratum. Gravitational spreading of this setup produced en-echelon fractures that clearly mimic the dike orientations observed, with a deviation of 10°–32° between the model’s ridge axis and that of the main fracture swarm. Using simple numerical models of segmented dike intrusion we found systematic changes of displacement vectors with depth and also with distance to the rift zone resulting in a complex displacement field. We propose that at depth beneath the Desertas Islands, magmas ascended along the ridge to produce the overall present-day morphology. Above the oceanic basement, gravitational stress and volcano spreading adjusted the principal stress axes’ orientations causing counterclockwise dike rotation of up to 40°. This effect limits the possible extent of lateral dike propagation at shallow levels and may have strong control on rift evolution and flank stability. The results highlight the importance of gravitational stress as a major, if not dominant factor in the evolution of volcanic rift zones.Editorial responsibility: M Carroll     

张扭性盆地隐性断裂带识别、演化及控藏作用——以苏北盆地金湖凹陷为例

隐性断裂带是由区域或局部应力场或基底断裂活动影响下, 在凹陷沉积盖层中产生的断裂趋势带。重磁、三维地震资料处理解释成果证实苏北盆地金湖凹陷存在北东、北西两组基底断裂。部分北东向的基底断裂活动强烈, 控制了凹陷形成和演化; 北西向和部分北东向的基底断裂活动性较弱, 沉积盖层中形成了隐性断裂带。它们表现为成带分布的雁列式小断层、断断续续沿固定方向分布的小断层、一系列沉积扇体或油气圈闭成带成串分布等线状构造。随机测线的剖面上表现为地震同相轴没有明显错断或呈现杂乱反射。除上述两组隐性断裂带, 区域右行应力场在凹陷内部产生的东西方向的挤压应力分量也形成了断续状、串状的南北向隐性断裂带。研究表明, 隐性断裂带由"隐性"逐渐向"显性"过渡。经历了早期弱雁列式隐性期、早中期强雁列式隐性期、中期断续状隐-显期、中后期串状显-隐期4个隐性阶段, 最终演化为"显性"张扭性走滑断裂。沉积盖层中形成的这些隐性断裂带控制了储集砂体分布、改善了储层物性、使隐性圈闭成带成串分布, 是油气聚集成藏的有利区带。