上海地区超高层建筑桩基沉降计算方法探讨

本文根据已有的建筑经验,应用明特林应力分布理论及双层地基概念和土的临界应力的分析,提出了更符合实际的沉降计算方法,并论证了在第三类土层排列区(即埋深30～40mm的⑦层粉砂层)超高层桩基设置的可能性,以大大减少工程造价。     

New basis for the constitutive modelling of aggregated soils

Natural and compacted soils are usually characterized by aggregation of particles. The mechanical behaviour of these materials depends on soil structure. The oedometric compression tests performed on aggregated samples presented here showed that these materials exhibit a yield limit depending not only on stress history and stress state but also on soil structure. Evidence is provided using the neutron tomography technique. These results revealed that soil structure modification occurs together with plastic deformations. The experimental results are used to propose a new state parameter to quantify the soil structure. Based on pore-scale experimental observations, an evolution law for this parameter is proposed as a function of associated plastic strains. Considering both soil fabric and inter-particle bonding effects, a new yield limit depending on stress state, stress history and soil structure is introduced for the aggregated soils. Accordingly, a new constitutive framework consistent with strain hardening plasticity is proposed to consider soil structure effects in the modelling of aggregated soils.     

The double solid reactant method: II. An application to the shallow groundwaters of the Porto Plain,Vulcano Island (Italy)

This paper presents an example of application of the double solid reactant method (DSRM) of Accornero and Marini (Environmental Geology, 2007a), an effective way for modeling the fate of several dissolved trace elements during water–rock interaction. The EQ3/6 software package was used for simulating the irreversible water–rock mass transfer accompanying the generation of the groundwaters of the Porto Plain shallow aquifer, starting from a degassed diluted crateric steam condensate. Reaction path modeling was performed in reaction progress mode and under closed-system conditions. The simulations assumed: (1) bulk dissolution (i.e., without any constraint on the kinetics of dissolution/precipitation reactions) of a single solid phase, a leucite-latitic glass, and (2) precipitation of amorphous silica, barite, alunite, jarosite, anhydrite, kaolinite, a solid mixture of smectites, fluorite, a solid mixture of hydroxides, illite-K, a solid mixture of saponites, a solid mixture of trigonal carbonates and a solid mixture of orthorhombic carbonates. Analytical concentrations of major chemical elements and several trace elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr and Ba) in groundwaters were satisfactorily reproduced. In addition to these simulations, similar runs for a rhyolite, a latite and a trachyte permitted to calculate major oxide contents for the authigenic paragenesis which are comparable, to a first approximation, with the corresponding data measured for local altered rocks belonging to the silicic, advanced argillic and intermediate argillic alteration facies. The important role played by both the solid mixture of trigonal carbonates as sequestrator of Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni and the solid mixture of orthorhombic carbonates as scavenger of Sr and Ba is emphasized.

腾冲火山及周边地区双差层析成像

利用云南腾冲火山地区15个固定台站记录到的7923次地震的P波到时资料,采用双差层析成像方法,反演得到腾冲火山及周边地区地壳及上地幔顶部三维P波速度结构和地震重定位结果.研究发现,腾冲火山区域地壳内存在明显的地震波低速区,P波速度低于整个区域地壳速度平均值超过15%,上地幔顶部存在规模较大的低速异常区.推测腾冲火山地区存在较大规模的地幔热物质上涌以及向地壳的侵入,热物质在地壳内以岩浆囊形式存储,并且壳内岩浆囊之间可能存在岩浆通道.通过联合反演获得的地震重定位结果显示,丛集地震位置更加集中,其展布特征与断裂构造具有显著的对应关系,表明研究区域断裂构造比较活跃.获得的高分辨率三维P波层析成像结果,为进一步认识火山地区岩浆存储特征以及地震分布与区域构造之间的关系提供了新的地震学依据.

     

3D P-WAVE VELOCITY STRUCTURE AT THE NORTHEASTERN MARGIN OF ORDOS BLOCK

Using the 7 100 absolute first arrivals of P waves and 91 513 relative P arrival times of 726 events at the northeastern margin of the Ordos block since 2009, the 3D fine structure of P wave velocity within the depth of 15km in the crust was inverted by the double difference seismic tomography method. The results show that there exist obvious high-speed continuous bodies in the northwest of the study area, and their lateral areas increase gradually with depth, while the velocity of east and south is relatively low. The velocity inhomogeneity exists and differs at different depths. The lateral differences of velocity are related to seismicity and faults. The 5~15km depth profile shows that earthquakes tend to occur in the area with relatively high velocity or high speed transition zones, which to some extent reflects the fragility of regional crustal media and the strong differential movement of faults in vertical and horizontal directions where the crust body is easy to absorb and store strain energy and generate major earthquakes. A "Y"-shape low-velocity channel is present in the lower crust around Liangcheng, corresponding to the NW-trending Heilaoyao-Shahukou fault set, which may reveal the migration path of the Late Tertiary-Quaternary basalt eruption. The Helingeer M6.2 earthquake in 1976 was related to the formation of the locking section of the thermal welding in this area. The three-dimensional fine structure of P wave velocity presented in this paper provides intuitive seismological evidence for physical and chemical properties of crustal media and the deep tectonic environment of earthquake preparation.     

基于特征学习的低剂量CT成像算法研究进展

随着CT（computed tomography）技术在临床中的大量应用,其辐射伤害问题也越来越受到人们的关注。与此同时,高性能低剂量的成像也已经成为近年来CT研究领域中的重要研究方向。随着学习型算法的提出及广泛应用,为低剂量CT成像算法的发展带来了新的方向。在影像大数据环境下,基于特征学习方法的低剂量CT成像有着更广阔的发展空间。本文将从稀疏表示和深度学习两个方面,介绍一些国内外应用于改善CT成像质量的相关技术,包括CT成像技术的发展趋势,特征学习相关算法的研究现状,提高低剂量CT扫描成像质量的相关方案等。本文对近年来在低剂量CT成像及特种学习算法等领域的研究成果进行了介绍,并进行相关总结和分析。     

2017年9月4日河北临城M_L4.4地震震源深度测定

震源深度是地震定位中的重要参数之一。对于一个地震,sPn与Pn震相到时差是一个常量,与震中距无关,只与震源深度和地壳模型有关。基于该理论,以河北数字台网数据为基础,识别sPn震相和Pn震相,计算2017年9月4日河北临城ML4.4地震震源深度,结果为6.86km。双差定位法是目前确定震源深度比较精确的方法,双差定位得到的震源深度为7.01km。双差定位法所用数据量比较大,计算过程繁杂。利用sPn与Pn到时差计算震源深度的结果与双差定位法结果接近,计算快速、简单,所需数据量小。因此,将该方法应用到实际工作中,可以快速、准确地测定近震震源深度。     

基于格林函数理论的波场预测和鬼波压制方法

作为一种特殊的噪声,鬼波对一次波的波形及频带宽度产生极大的影响,鬼波压制是提高海上地震资料分辨率及保真度的重要因素.以格林公式为基础,详细论述了基于格林函数理论的鬼波压制方法,在不需要地下介质信息的条件下,进行地震数据驱动鬼波压制,并根据"Double Dirichlet"(双狄利克雷)边界条件,预测压力波场和垂直速度波场.建立了基于格林函数理论鬼波压制的处理流程,数值模拟和实际资料处理结果表明,基于格林函数理论鬼波压制方法在很好地去除鬼波的同时极大地拓宽了地震资料的频带,尤其提升了低频端能量,有利于后续资料的处理解释.     

华北东部复杂的660 km相变界面

利用华北固定台网的宽频带地震远震记录波形资料,提取P波接收函数,通过偏移成像和共转换点叠加,得到华北地区东部地幔过渡带深度及厚度的图像.研究结果显示,地幔过渡带上界面(410 km间断面)深度起伏变化不大;在华北地区东部,存在较厚的地幔过渡带,地幔过渡带下界面(660 km间断面)在660 km深度附近出现两个不同的界面.造成地幔过渡带增厚并出现两个深度不同的界面的原因可能是存在橄榄岩以外的地幔物质相变,该物质相变拥有与橄榄岩向钙钛矿转变不同的克拉伯龙斜率,太平洋俯冲板块的低温造成两种不同的相变界面发生不同程度的改变.双重660 km间断面的范围存在向北西方向延伸的趋势并且向南至少延伸到30°N.本文的结果可为古西太平洋板块向华北俯冲前缘位置的研究提供约束.     

基于稀疏表示的地面磁共振信号提取方法

在多孔隙含水层中地面磁共振（surface nuclear magnetic resonance,SNMR）信号呈现多弛豫衰减特性,常规盲源分离方法和单指数拟合方法引起信号严重失真和信息缺失等问题.本文提出了基于稀疏表示的随机噪声背景下多弛豫SNMR信号的提取方法.根据SNMR信号的衰减特征,设计了精确刻画SNMR信号且与随机噪声不相关的离散衰减余弦冗余字典.其次,针对多弛豫SNMR信号稀疏度未知的问题,通过设置合理的残差比阈值控制迭代次数,改进了广义正交匹配追踪（generalized orthogonal matching pursuit,gOMP）算法,使得该方法应用于SNMR信号的提取时,具有更好的自适应性和普适性.再次,鉴于SNMR测量数据为多次独立重复采集的结果,提出了基于数据流的SNMR信号提取策略,在提高算法鲁棒性的同时,保证了信号提取结果的唯一性.最后,通过仿真和实测数据证明了基于gOMP算法的稀疏表示方法可以显著地提升多弛豫SNMR信号的提取质量,降低随机噪声对含水层反演结果的影响,提高SNMR探测能力.