开展灾害学研究 保障人类生存与发展

灾害是人类面临的最严重的威胁。本文简要列述了各类灾害对国民经济建设和人类生存的危害性,论述了灾害的分类和体系特征,探讨了灾害形成的科学机理,强调了开展多学科、大体系研究的重要意义。同时结合国土环境遥感调查,提出了开展灾害学研究、监测防御、减灾抗祸的对策和建议,以期发挥现代地球科学理论与遥感技术的潜力,为促进灾害学的研究、保障人类更好地生存与发展作出贡献。     

基于Web GIS的广州市人防工程地理信息系统研制

分析基于java的Web GIS的技术发展和实现方法,在此基础上,结合广州市人防工程地理信息系统的研制实践,研发出一个人防工程地理信息原型系统,该原型系统实现了C/S 和B/S的有机结合、安全性和实用性有效结合,解决了矢量化地图的操作、图形和人防属性数据双向查询、统计、专题图、统计图制作、人防工事分布分析及规划等问题,对于提高人防工程信息化的管理具有广泛的社会应用价值.     

可持续发展与自然灾害类型的分析研究

在人口与经济快速增长的条件下，人与自然关系的不协调发展导致了自然灾害频繁发生。为了协调环境与资源的关系，拓展并良化人类生存空间，作者根据多年来收集的自然灾害资料与研究成果，对自然灾害的分类与危害进行了系统分析，在采用边缘科学相互交叉的基础上，从社会经济可持续发展的战略角度出发，总结了国内外防灾工作的经验，提出了防御自然灾害的减免措施。     

Skin toxins in coral‐associated Gobiodon species (Teleostei: Gobiidae) affect predator preference and prey survival

Predation risk is high for the many small coral reef fishes, requiring successful sheltering or other predator defence mechanisms. Coral‐dwelling gobies of the genus Gobiodon live in close association with scleractinian corals of the genus Acropora. Earlier studies indicated that the low movement frequency of adult fishes and the development of skin toxins (crinotoxicity) are predation avoidance mechanisms. Although past experiments showed that predators refuse food prepared with goby skin mucus, direct predator–prey interactions have not been studied. The present study compares the toxicity levels of two crinotoxic coral gobies – Gobiodon histrio, representative of a conspicuously coloured species, and Gobiodon sp.3 with cryptic coloration – using a standard bioassay method. The results show that toxin levels of both species differ significantly shortly after mucus release but become similar over time. Predator preferences were tested experimentally in an aquarium in which the two gobies and a juvenile damselfish Chromis viridis were exposed to the small grouper Epinephelus fasciatus. Video‐analysis revealed that although coral gobies are potential prey, E. fasciatus clearly preferred the non‐toxic control fish (C. viridis) over Gobiodon. When targeting a goby, the predator did not prefer one species over the other. Contrary to our expectations that toxic gobies are generally avoided, gobies were often captured, but they were expelled quickly, repeatedly and alive. This unusual post‐capture avoidance confirms that these gobies have a very good chance of surviving attacks in the field due to their skin toxins. Nonetheless, some gobies were consumed: the coral shelter may therefore also provide additional protection, with toxins protecting them mainly during movement between corals. In summary, chemical deterrence by crinotoxic fishes seems to be far more efficient in predation avoidance than in physical deterrence involving body squamation and/or strong fin spines.     

运城市冬小麦晚霜冻预报服务系统

春季霜冻在运城市出现的范围比较广泛，危害机遇为2a-3a一遇，重灾区多在汾河、涑水河两岸及平川地区的低凹地带，峨嵋岭南部及中条山的沿山坡岭地区较轻。运城市的晚霜冻主要影响小麦、苹果、蔬菜等，晚霜冻严重的年份可能造成小麦、苹果大幅减产，本文主要就运城市的春季霜冻对小麦的影响做一些探讨。     

21世纪中国城市海洋灾害防御战略研究

我国有漫长的海岸线,沿海地区是我国经济发展最快的地区,但是海洋灾害的频繁发生及其造成的经济损失年均增长率的不断提高,已经成为制约我国海洋经济和沿海经济持续稳定发展的重要因素.基于海洋灾害的特殊性、海洋对社会发展与日俱增的重要性,对影响我国沿海地区的海洋灾害及其危害性进行了系统、详细的探讨,并根据我国对海洋灾害的防御能力提出了防灾减灾的战略措施.     

Comparative review of marine mammal guidance implemented during naval exercises

This article reviews the types and effectiveness of marine mammal mitigation measures used during some naval activities worldwide. The three main standard methods used to mitigate the potential impacts of naval sonar sound on marine mammals are (1) time/area planning (of exercises/active sonar use) to avoid marine mammals; (2) implementation of operational procedures (e.g. ‘soft start’ - where sound levels are gradually increased over time); and (3) monitoring of animals for the purpose of maintaining an ‘exclusion zone’ around the sound source. Suggestions towards a minimum worldwide mitigation standard are made.     

森林火灾与气象条件的关系及其预报和防御

分析了湿度、温度、风、降水等气象要素及地形地貌与林火发生的关系,介绍了森林火险等级预报方法,并提出了林火防范措施。