国家西部测图工程产品质检系统的设计与实现

质量检验手段一直是实施数字测绘产品质量控制的瓶颈问题。本文论述了国家西部测图工程产品质检系统的设计与实现,为数字线划图(DLG)、数字高程模型(DEM)、数字正射影像图(DOM)等数字测绘产品质量检验提供了有效的工具和手段,为西部测图工程项目高效优质的实施提供保障。     

Review of the neotectonics of the Eastern Turkish–Armenian Plateau by geomorphic analysis of digital elevation model imagery

Digital elevation model (DEM) images provide synoptic views of the Earth’s surface allowing the analysis of landforms of still active tectonic and volcanic structures at regional scale. A DEM at 250 m pixel size constitutes regional scale data particularly efficient to investigate the late Miocene–Quaternary deformation of the Eastern Turkish–Armenian Plateau in the Arabian–Eurasian area of convergence. Geomorphic analysis of the DEM image associated with review of fault-plane solutions of earthquakes show that faults are mostly strike-slip with small vertical component. Here we show that the orientations of the tectonic and volcanic structures fit with a tectonic regime characterized by N–S shortening and E–W lengthening, consistent with westward escape of Anatolia perpendicular to the direction of the Arabia–Eurasia shortening. The uniform uplift of the plateau, the predominance of strike-slip faulting, the lack of major thrusts and the occurrence of normal faults do not support a model of going-on crustal thickening due to intracontinental convergence. On the contrary, our observations can be better interpreted in terms of lithospheric thinning and mantle upwelling related to gravity escape of Anatolia.     

鄂尔多斯盆地的三维可视化及其应用

地形三维可视化作为测绘行业的一项新技术正处于蓬勃发展阶段。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地为例，着重介绍了基于ARCGIS9．0的三维可视化建库、实现过程，并指出其在矿产勘探中的具体应用。     

基于DEM的黄河流域天文辐射空间分布

基于1 km×1 km分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM) 数据,利用建立的起伏地形下天文辐射分布式计算模型,计算了黄河流域1 km×1 km分辨率各月天文辐射的空间分布。结果表明:局部地形对黄河流域年和四季天文辐射的空间分布影响明显;在太阳高度角较低的冬季,地理和地形因子对天文辐射的影响相当强烈,山区天文辐射的空间差异大,1月份向阳山坡(偏南坡) 天文辐射可为背阴山坡(偏北坡) 的2~3倍,极端天文辐射的差异可达10倍以上;而在太阳高度角较高的夏季,天文辐射空间差异较小,7月份不同地形极端天文辐射的差异仅在16%左右;四季中,地形对天文辐射影响的程度为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季。     

Geospatial analysis of a coastal sand dune field evolution: Jockey's Ridge, North Carolina

Preservation and effective management of highly dynamic coastal features located in areas under development pressures requires in-depth understanding of their evolution. Modern geospatial technologies such as lidar, real time kinematic GPS, and three-dimensional GIS provide tools for efficient acquisition of high resolution data, geospatial analysis, feature extraction, and quantification of change. These techniques were applied to the Jockey's Ridge, North Carolina, the largest active dune field on the east coast of the United States, with the goal to quantify its deflation and rapid horizontal migration. Digitized contours, photogrammetric, lidar and GPS point data were used to compute a multitemporal elevation model of the dune field capturing its evolution for the period of 1974– 2004. In addition, peak elevation data were available for 1915 and 1953. Analysis revealed possible rapid growth of the dune complex between 1915–1953, followed by a slower rate of deflation that continues today. The main dune peak grew from 20.1 m in 1915 to 41.8 m in 1953 and has since eroded to 21.9 m in 2004. Two of the smaller peaks within the dune complex have recently gained elevation, approaching the current height of the main dune. Steady annual rate of main peak elevation loss since 1953 suggests that increase in the number of visitors after the park was established in 1974 had little effect on the rate of dune deflation. Horizontal dune migration of 3–6 m/yr in southerly direction has carried the sand out of the park boundaries and threatened several houses. As a result, the south dune section was removed and the sand was placed at the northern end of the park to serve as a potential source. Sand fencing has been an effective management strategy for both slowing the dune migration and forcing growth in dune elevation. Understanding the causes of the current movements can point to potential solutions and suggest new perspectives on management of the dune as a tourist attraction and as a recreation site, while preserving its unique geomorphic character and dynamic behavior.     

砾石单元法与SPH耦合模型在数值波浪水槽中的应用研究

为研究以流体粒子描述波浪运动,以固体单元描述砾石运动的两相介质大变形运动,在港口、海岸工程科学研究中具有重要意义。本文提出砾石单元法(GEM),介绍了光滑粒子动力学方法 (SPH)和GEM的基本原理,阐述了GEM与离散单元法(DEM)的异同之处,说明了采用SPH方法与GEM构建波浪砾石耦合运动数学模型的方法和过程。应用SPH方法建立数值波浪水槽,用GEM模拟波浪作用下堆积砾石的滚落、坍塌变形,构建了SPH方法与GEM耦合数学模型。模拟了水槽造波和波浪生成过程和波浪作用下砾石的滚落、坍塌变形,并与物理模型试验成果进行了比较,结果基本吻合。本文提出的GEM法具有模拟单相堆积砾石运动和堆积砾石与流体粒子耦合多相介质运动的功能,是对DEM法的补充和改善。本文提出的堆积力学球概念和拟序排列求解方法是砾石单元法的重要组成部分。     

资源三号数据在重力中区地形改正中的应用

针对我国资源三号卫星立体影像数据,利用GPS控制点,结合前视、下视、后视区域网平差精化有理函数模型,探讨了资源三号卫星立体影像数据用于重力中区地形改正的高精度DEM生成方法。通过1：1万高精度DEM数据进行地改实验验证表明：资源三号卫星立体影像数据提取的DEM可以满足1：20万区域重力测量中区地改精度要求,为我国重力测量中区地形改正提供了一条有效途径,拓展了资源三号数据在区域重力测量中的应用。     

基于Global Mapper的DEM检查方法

Global Mapper是一款地图绘制软件。本文结合辽宁省测绘局1∶10000 DEM制作项目,阐述了利用Global Mapper软件对DEM最终成果进行质量检查的具体检查方法。     

煤层顶底板DEM二维光照渲染制图方法

煤层顶底板等高线图是煤矿企业用于生产决策的一种常用图纸,这种图的直观性较差,难以阅读。参照Tanaka明暗等值线图的方法提出一种基于二维显示的煤层底板DEM的光照渲染制图方法。该方法通过假定光源所处的位置,并计算DEM的三角面片的法向,进而求得三角面片的亮度,然后以填充绘制的方式将所有三角形以二维的方式绘制出来。这种方法具有显示效率高、编程简单、易于图层叠加、效果较Tanaka法逼真等优势。     

机载LiDAR技术支持下的荒漠地区1:10 000地形图测绘与研究——以内蒙古阿拉善地区为例

尝试应用机载LiDAR技术测绘1：10 000比例尺地形图3D（DLG、DEM、DOM）产品,给出了机载LiDAR测绘3D产品的技术流程,并选择荒漠地区作为试验区,验证了此种技术方法在荒漠地区测绘3D产品的可行性,分析了成果精度。试验证明,该方法可以满足荒漠区域的1：10 000比例尺3D基础数据生产要求,且具有外业工作量小、自动化程度高、成图快、高程精度高、受外界环境影响小等优点,同时也总结了该方法中有待完善之处。该方法为荒漠地区3D基础测绘数据获取提供了有益借鉴。