垄行结构玉米冠层方向亮温模型研究

基于热红外成像仪获取的玉米冠层图像，对垄行结构玉米的方向亮温（DBT）进行模型化描述并开展了初步验证工作。模型中假设某一方向上的冠层DBT是组分亮温及各组分在视场中所占面积权重的函数，它们在视场中的比例依赖太阳与传感器的几何位置关系，以及在作物行内，作物行与行之间孔隙的分布。对于玉米冠层的几何特征，简化为横截面是矩形的、其中有空隙透光的一组无限长的平行立方体；立方体内双向孔隙率的方向变化由Kuusk函数来描述。模型模拟表明，玉米亮温组分在视场中的权重具有垄行特性。中午前后，通过对中等密度的冠层DBT模拟，在DBT极坐标图形上发现了一个明显位于垄行方向的热条带的出现，热点出现在太阳位置的周围。最后，利用实地观测的结果与模型模拟结果作对比，对该模型的不足和以后的改进作了初步分析。     

采用热像仪测量玉米冠层半球方向亮温的四种方法比较

为了提高玉米冠层半球方向亮温（DBT）测量的准确性，对一套由工业用起重机平台和热红外成像仪组成的地面观测系统的四种测量方法进行了对比和评价。这些方法基于不同的测量原理：（1）通过移动起重机和平台，从不同的角度去测量一个样区的DBT；（2）固定起重机和平台的位置，通过旋转热像仪，从不同的区域收集不同角度的DBT；（3）对方法2的改进，转动热像仪朝向的同时，吊车沿作物垄行方向运动，得到大区域内平均的DBT；（4）当热像仪沿着垂直于垄行方向的起重机臂运动时，用高成像频率对目标热辐射进行采样。在对这些方法进行比较时，着重考虑了玉米冠层亮温分布的时间和空间变化所产生的影响，对本观测系统的优点和局限性进行了初步探讨。最后，本文从实际应用的角度，提出了一个基于这个系统且优化了的DBT测量方法。     

Removal of tributyltin (TBT) by live and dead microalgal cells

The removal of tributyltin (TBT) from artificial wastewater by dead and live cells of four microalgal species, Chlorella miniata, C. sorokiniana, Scenedesmus dimorphus and S. platydiscus was investigated. Dead cells were generally more efficient in removing TBT during three days exposure. More than 90% and 85% TBT were removed by dead cells of Scenedesmus and Chlorella, respectively. Although the removal percentages of live microalgae were smaller, TBT was continuously absorbed and degraded, and TBT removal percentages similar to respective dead cells were achieved at the end of 14 days treatment. Degradation products, DBT and MBT, were recorded mainly inside the cells, and intracellular MBT concentrations were significantly higher than DBT. In terms of TBT removal, Scenedesmus cells were more effective than Chlorella, probably due to larger cell sizes and biomass. However, TBT specific uptake and degradation by Chlorella was higher than in Scenedesmus. The highest specific TBT uptake values, as well as the highest degradation, were recorded in C. miniata, a Hong Kong isolate.     

基于3D真实植被场景的全波段辐射传输模型研究

本文基于3D真实场景CLAMP模型模拟的植被冠层，对冠层在可见一近红外波段和热红外波段的辐射传输进行了综合建模。针对CLAMP模型生成场景的通用和近似特征，在可见一近红外波段，对植被和土壤的单次散射贡献利用光子逆向追踪算法进行了精确计算，多次散射的贡献则采用四流近似理论来计算，以提高运算效率。模型结果与SAILH模型结果进行了比较，具有较好的一致性，并且体现出了优于一维辐射传输模型的模拟结果。在热红外波段，采用几何光学原理，冠层方向亮度温度由可视光照叶片、遮荫叶片、光照土壤和遮荫土壤的比例与对应组分亮温乘积之和得到，模拟结果体现了合理的变化趋势。对冠层主要结构参数LAI和ALA的敏感性进行了比较分析，不同波段模型模拟的方向性辐射结果，很好地反映了结构参数对冠层辐射特性的影响。     

Organotins (TBT and DBT) in water, sediments, and gastropods of the southern Venice lagoon (Italy)

The release of tributyltin (TBT) from maritime traffic represents one of the main problems of direct, diffuse, and continued contamination of the marine environment. In the present survey, the concentrations of TBT and dibultytin (DBT) in brackish waters, sediments, and the gastropods Nassarius nitidus were evaluated in order to estimate the contamination of the southern part of the Venice lagoon. TBT and DBT were determined by GC-MS/MS. Recent contamination of TBT was found in brackish waters near marinas, whereas the highest concentrations of TBT and DBT were observed in surface sediments at dockyards and harbours. High content of organotin in the gastropods sampled near the dockyards, harbours, and marinas showed a mobilisation from the sediments through the food web. The present study allowed assessment of whether, despite the ban on the use of TBT paints, waters, sediments, and biota were still being contaminated by organotin compounds in the southern Venice lagoon.