This paper presents a new contact calculating algorithm for contacts between two polyhedra with planar boundaries in the three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3-D DDA). In this algorithm, all six type contacts in 3-D (vertex-to-face, vertex-to-edge, vertex-to-vertex, face-to-face, edge-to-edge, and edge-to-face) are simply transformed into the form of point-to-face contacts. The presented algorithm is a simple and efficient method and it can be easily coded into a computer program. In this paper, formulations of normal contact, shear contact and frictional force submatrices based on the new method are derived and the algorithm has been programmed in VC++. Examples are provided to demonstrate the new contact rule between two blocks. 相似文献
Migmatites produced by low-pressure anatexis of basic dykes are found in a contact metamorphic aureole around a pyroxenite–gabbro
intrusion (PX2), on Fuerteventura. Dykes outside and inside the aureole record interaction with meteoric water, with low or
negative δ18O whole-rock values (+0.2 to −3.4‰), decreasing towards the contact. Recrystallised plagioclase, diopside, biotite and oxides,
from within the aureole, show a similar evolution with lowest δ18O values (−2.8, −4.2, −4.4 and −7.6‰, respectively) in the migmatite zone, close to the intrusion. Relict clinopyroxene phenocrysts
preserved in all dykes, retain typically magmatic δ18O values up to the anatectic zone, where the values are lower and more heterogeneous. Low δ18O values, decreasing towards the intrusion, can be ascribed to the advection of meteoric water during magma emplacement, with
increasing fluid/rock ratios (higher dyke intensities towards the intrusion acting as fluid-pathways) and higher temperatures
promoting increasing exchange during recrystallisation.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
We present results of laboratory experiments to study the behavior of liquids moving in unsaturated wide-aperture fractures. A 5-mm-thick glass plate cut with a 1.7-mm aperture was used as a fractured rock analog to study behavior of film and capillary droplet flow modes. Flow rates ranged between 0.6 and 6.0 ml/min. Variability in the ambient barometric pressure, resulting from weather conditions, seemed to play a role in the natural selection of flow mode. For droplet mode, constant input conditions resulted in highly variable transport properties within the fracture. The advancing meniscus exhibited a dynamic contact angle that was a function of the droplet speed and much larger than the static contact angle. Flow rate was reduced due to the larger contact angle. Analytical expressions for droplet velocity and flow capacity are presented as a function of the dynamic rather than the static contact angle. 相似文献
Migmatitic rocks near Grenville, Quebec, preserve features indicative of reactions at the onset of granulite facies metamorphism. In this area, metapelites and metacarbonates of the classic Grenville Series are spatially associated with granitic gneiss and metabasite, and flank a Paleozoic, Fe-rich syenite stock. Near this intrusion, the metapelite is diatexitic and nearly devoid of biotite, indicating the involvement of biotite during melting in the contact aureole of this intrusion. Outside of the contact aureole, metapelites and associated rocks contain biotite and are metatexitic. These features suggest two episodes of migmatization, the earlier predating the syenite, the later, synchronous with this intrusion.
Hornblende-rich metabasites near the syenite contain a two-part neosome consisting of coarse-grained leucosome veins and patches that are enclosed by fine-grained, pyroxene-rich envelopes. Migmatization is attributed to dehydration melting in the presence of CO2-rich fluids possibly derived from nearby carbonate rocks prior to and/or during emplacement of the syenite. The occurrence of isolated mafic clots in the mesosome and rarity of melanosome seams on leucosomes suggest that some melts were mobile on an outcrop scale. These observations suggest that the leucosomes formed by the segregation of melts, which, coupled with CO2 flux, dehydrated the wallrock along narrow margins, forming the pyroxene-rich neosomes. Back-reaction with residual fluids led to the local scapolitization of plagioclase and the concomitant formation of coronal garnet on pyroxene in neosomes. Thermobarometry of corona structures within the contact aureole generates diffusional Mg-Fe blocking temperatures ( 550 °C at 5.5 kbar). Extrapolated up-temperature, P-sensitive equilibria for the coronas yield similar pressures (8–9 kbar) as texturally-equilibrated assemblages for which high temperatures ( 750 ± 50 °C; XCO2 = 0.90−0.95) were determined for rocks sampled inside and outside of the contact aureole. This suggests that the Grenville migmatites had not been substantially decompressed by the time that the syenite was emplaced. 相似文献
This report presents a numerical investigation of the shear behavior of binary mixtures via a two-dimensional discrete element method. The effect of the coarse particle content on the peak shear strength of mixtures is investigated for different contact-type friction coefficients. A detailed analysis on the anisotropies enables us to understand the microscopic mechanisms that result in the dependency of the peak shear strengths on the coarse particle content. The contributions of different contact types to the peak shear strength are quantified. Lastly, the inter-particles structures are examined when the binary mixtures become coarse-particle-supported structures. 相似文献
A time-domain method for the analysis of arch dam-foundation rock dynamic interaction during earthquake was proposed, and
the dynamic relaxation technique was adopted to obtain the initial static response for dynamic analysis by [Du et al. (2005).
The paper has been contributed to Bulletin of earthquake engineering]. In this paper, a nonlinear explicit method in time
domain considering the opening and closing effect of contact joints on arch dam during earthquake is further proposed by introducing
the dynamic contact force model into the method. The simulation accuracy of dynamic contact force model is verified by comparing
its calculation result and test result of scale model on shaking table. Finally, the influence of joints on the seismic response
of Xiaowan arch dam is studied by the proposed method and some conclusions are given. 相似文献
This paper outlines the development as well as implementation of a numerical procedure for coupled finite element analysis of dynamic problems in geomechanics, particularly those involving large deformations and soil-structure interaction. The procedure is based on Biot’s theory for the dynamic behaviour of saturated porous media. The nonlinear behaviour of the solid phase of the soil is represented by either the Mohr Coulomb or Modified Cam Clay material model. The interface between soil and structure is modelled by the so-called node-to-segment contact method. The contact algorithm uses a penalty approach to enforce constraints and to prevent rigid body interpenetration. Moreover, the contact algorithm utilises a smooth discretisation of the contact surfaces to decrease numerical oscillations. An Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) scheme preserves the quality and topology of the finite element mesh throughout the numerical simulation. The generalised-α method is used to integrate the governing equations of motion in the time domain. Some aspects of the numerical procedure are validated by solving two benchmark problems. Subsequently, dynamic soil behaviour including the development of excess pore-water pressure due to the fast installation of a single pile and the penetration of a free falling torpedo anchor are studied. The numerical results indicate the robustness and applicability of the proposed method. Typical distributions of the predicted excess pore-water pressures generated due to the dynamic penetration of an object into a saturated soil are presented, revealing higher magnitudes of pore pressure at the face of the penetrometer and lower values along the shaft. A smooth discretisation of the contact interface between soil and structure is found to be a crucial factor to avoid severe oscillations in the predicted dynamic response of the soil. 相似文献