青藏高原及邻近区域的S波三维速度结构

本文收集了WWSSN台网和我国台网中13个地震台站的长周期地震记录,用140条10-90s瑞利波频散曲线和作者提出的Tarantola-Backus面波频散层析成象方法,作了青藏高原及邻区的速度反演,得出该地区岩石层速度结构的三维图象.结果表明,1.在10-110km深度范围内,速度结构出现与大地构造特征相关的分区性,显示出四个构造单元:青藏块体、柴达木-巴颜喀拉-三江块体、塔里木块体和印度块体.2.高原内部,深度为10-70km内速度较低,莫霍界面呈不对称盆形分布,藏北那曲附近地壳厚度超过70km,高原边缘壳厚为45-50km,90-110km为高速异常,表明高原内部存在上地幔盖层.3.高原北部的班公湖断裂和东部的三江断裂系是该区重要的分界线,是岩石层结构存在明显差异的重要接触部位,可能是冈瓦纳古陆与欧亚古陆的缝合带.4.柴达木-巴颜喀拉-三江块体内部速度分布不均匀,地壳厚度由北向南从45km加深到60km;在深度90-110km存在一低速层.5.塔里木地块内速度随深度均匀增加,从地壳到上地幔110km内没有发现低速层.地壳厚度约50km.     

GPS observations of the ionospheric F2-layer behavior during the 20th November 2003 geomagnetic storm over South Korea

The ionospheric F2-layer peak density (NmF2) and its height (hmF2) are of great influence on the shape of the ionospheric electron density profile Ne (h) and may be indicative of other physical processes within the ionosphere, especially those due to geomagnetic storms. Such parameters are often estimated using models such as the semiempirical international reference ionosphere (IRI) models or are measured using moderately priced to expensive instrumentation, such as ionosondes or incoherent scatter radars. Global positioning system (GPS) observations have become a powerful tool for mapping high-resolution ionospheric structures, which can be used to study the ionospheric response to geomagnetic storms. In this paper, we describe how 3-D ionospheric electron density profiles were produced from data of the dense permanent Korean GPS network using the tomography reconstruction technique. These profiles are verified by independent ionosonde data. The responses of GPS-derived parameters at the ionospheric F2-layer to the 20th November 2003 geomagnetic storm over South Korea are investigated. A fairly large increase in the electron density at the F2-layer peak (the NmF2) (positive storm) has been observed during this storm, which is accompanied by a significant uplift in the height of the F2 layer peak (the hmF2). This is confirmed by independent ionosonde observations. We suggest that the F2-layer peak height uplift and NmF2 increase are mainly associated with a strong eastward electric field, and are not associated with the increase of the O/N₂ ratio obtained from the GUVI instruments aboard the TIMED satellite. It is also inferred that the increase in NmF2 is not caused by the changes in neutral composition, but is related to other nonchemical effects, such as dynamical changes of vertical ion motions induced by winds and E × B drifts, tides and waves in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere region, which can be dynamically coupled upward to generate ionospheric perturbations and oscillations.     

成像雷达干涉测量数据相关性与干旱-半干旱地区地表类型特征的关系

利用欧洲资源卫星1号和2号获取的重轨干涉测量雷达数据，首先进行干涉测量数据相关性估测，并结合干涉测量数据的振幅信息，开展新疆喀什试验区地表土地类型的识别与分类，区分和识别出裸土、盐碱地、灌丛、裸岩/戈壁、沼泽和水体 6类土地类型。最后通过对不同土地类型的后向散射特性和相关性的分析，探讨了干涉测量数据相关性与干旱-半干旱地区地表特征的关系。     

2002年CT扫描和三维成像学术年会评述

由CT理论与应用研究编辑部和北京信息工程学院主办、有中国体视学学会多位理事和会员参加的“2002年CT扫描和三维成像研讨会（CT科技学术年会）”于2002年10月18－20日，在北京大学逸夫苑理科楼学术报告厅举行。中国体视学学会副理事长刘国权教授出席致辞，对于这次CT科技年会的召开表示祝贺，并介绍了2003年在美国圣迭戈和北京将要召开第11届国际体视学会大会的有关情况，希望有关专家准备论文出席，来自全国各地48位专家，教授出席了会议，本次会议涉及CT理论、计算方法和软件及硬件技术；医学CT扫描成像和疾病诊断；工业CT和三维成像：地球层析和工程CT。美国爱荷华大学王革教授，纽约罗彻斯特大学宁若拉教授专程到会，分别做了精彩的特邀主题报告：显微CT的锥束重建新方法和近年来在这方面的进展和展望”，“锥光束三维CT技术在美国的过去、现在和未来”“国内专家也报告了前沿研究的新成果，在会前，CT理论与应用研究编辑部，根据收到的论文和摘要汇编和印制了专集，在会议最后一天，召开了“CT理论与应用研究”期刊编委会，传达了中国科协对于办好科技期刊的新要求，会议开得很成功。     

电阻率图像中的地下水和断层

目的：将电阻率层析成像应用于探测潜伏断层的研究中，本文发现了断层和地下水的一些基本电阻率分布特征，这对于工程物探意义重大，一般情况下，断层两侧具有不同的电阻率特征，但是，根据电阻率层析图像中的电阻率分布，通常难以区分断层和地下水层，这是因为两者不仅都具有低电阻率值，而且还具有非常相似的电阻率异常特征。资料和方法：运用电阻率层析图像的数据，电阻率层析图像中的断层会呈现如下特征：1）由于孔隙度的加大和地下水的存在，使得断层表现出高角度的低阻线性结构。它们既可以出现在浅部盖层中，也可以存在于深部基岩中，特别是在深部区域，它们尤为明显；2）它们还呈现出高角度的线性梯度带，在该梯度带两边的电阻率结构出现整体性的差异，通常情况下，正断层的上盘表现出低阻或／和班驳状的高阻和低阻扰动区，而下盘则为完整的高阻区，这与逆冲断层正好相反；3）与断层有关的电阻率异常区常常具有良好的大尺度水平连续性，并且可以追瞎异常区附近的精细电性结构。而地下水的电阻率特征为：1）如果没有裂隙，地表水所引起的低阻区非常浅，即使存在丰富的水源以及高孔隙度的砾岩和中粗砂。一般情况下，其底端深度不超过强风化区；2）地下水的电阻率值非常低，特别在高矿化度的地区。地下水，包括岩溶水和砂岩水，的电阻率总显示出局部水平延伸或／和面团状特征；3）地下水层的深度朝某个固定方向逐渐增加，并且其电阻率图像会随季节而变；4）一般情况下，在水下渗的地区，会出现降水漏斗，其上部为高阻，而下部为低阻，从而便形成了“Y”或“V”字型的典型结构。结果：利用上述的基本特征一般可以区分断层和地下水。结论：仅依靠电阻率层析图像，可能极难准确地区分断层和裂隙水，这是因为裂隙水不但可能具有高角度的低阻线性结构，而且在一定尺度上具有很好的水平连续性，还有，由于电阻率层析成像较差的垂直分辨率，难以精确确定断层的上端点位置，所以结合其它的物探手段如钻探和浅层地震勘探是非常必要的。     

基于波动方程的广义屏叠前深度偏移

地震波传播算子的计算效率和精度是制约三维叠前深度偏移的关键因素. 广义屏传播算子(GSP, Generalized Screen Propagator)是一种在双域中实现的广角单程波传播算子. 这一方法略去了在非均匀体之间发生的交混回响,但它可以正确处理包括聚焦、衍射、折射和干涉在内的各种多次前向散射现象. 通过背景速度下的相移和扰动速度下的陡倾角校正,广义屏算子能够适应地层速度的强烈横向变化. 这种算子可以直接应用于炮集叠前偏移,通过将广义屏算子作用于双平方根方程,还可以获得一种高效率、高精度的炮检距域叠前深度偏移方法,用于二维共炮检距道集和三维共方位角道集的深度域成像. 本文首先简述了炮检距域广义屏传播算子的理论,进而讨论了共照射角成像(CAI, Common Angle Imaging)条件,由此给出各个不同照射角(炮检距射线参数)下的成像结果,进而得到共照射角像集. 由于照射角和炮检距的对应关系,共照射角像集又为偏移速度分析和AVO(振幅随炮检距变化)分析等提供了有力工具.     

Imaging buried Quaternary valleys using the transient electromagnetic method

Buried Quaternary valleys in Denmark are complex structures filled with various deposits consisting primarily of glacio-lacustrine clay, till and meltwater sand, and gravel. The valleys are important geophysical targets, because they often contain significant volumes of groundwater used for public water supply. About 700 km of buried valley structures have been imaged in the western part of Denmark by the transient electromagnetic (TEM) method. The ability to map the valleys depends primarily on valley geometry, infill architecture and the resistivity of the fill sediments as well as the substratum. One-dimensional (1-D) inversion models of the TEM soundings have been used to construct contour maps of 20 m average resistivities and depth to a good conductor, which provide images for geological interpretation. Images of buried valley morphology, fill properties, infill architecture, such as cut-and-fill structures, valley distribution and valley generations, are characterized for case studies from Hornsyld, Holstebro and the Vonsild/Agtrup areas of Denmark.     

Crustal structure of the continental margin of Korea in the East Sea (Japan Sea) from deep seismic sounding data: evidence for rifting affected by the hotter than normal mantle

Despite the various opening models of the southwestern part of the East Sea (Japan Sea) between the Korean Peninsula and the Japan Arc, the continental margin of the Korean Peninsula remains unknown in crustal structure. As a result, continental rifting and subsequent seafloor spreading processes to explain the opening of the East Sea have not been adequately addressed. We investigated crustal and sedimentary velocity structures across the Korean margin into the adjacent Ulleung Basin from multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection and ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) data. The Ulleung Basin shows crustal velocity structure typical of oceanic although its crustal thickness of about 10 km is greater than normal. The continental margin documents rapid transition from continental to oceanic crust, exhibiting a remarkable decrease in crustal thickness accompanied by shallowing of Moho over a distance of about 50 km. The crustal model of the margin is characterized by a high-velocity (up to 7.4 km/s) lower crustal (HVLC) layer that is thicker than 10 km under the slope base and pinches out seawards. The HVLC layer is interpreted as magmatic underplating emplaced during continental rifting in response to high upper mantle temperature. The acoustic basement of the slope base shows an igneous stratigraphy developed by massive volcanic eruption. These features suggest that the evolution of the Korean margin can be explained by the processes occurring at volcanic rifted margins. Global earthquake tomography supports our interpretation by defining the abnormally hot upper mantle across the Korean margin and in the Ulleung Basin.     

多相流动电磁波成像测井测量敏感场计算

在多相流动电磁波成像测井研究中，测量敏感场是设计测量仪器和研究图像重建算法的前提工作. 本文用数值方法计算多相流动电磁波成像测井测量敏感场. 根据测量探头电极阵列的对称性，将三维敏感场问题划分为轴向和横向两个平面问题，然后应用有限元算法求解两个平面电势分布问题，对于不同介质模型，计算各种测量条件下测量区域内电势分布，进而根据电势分布计算测量敏感场. 结果表明测量敏感区域为发射电极到测量电极的弧形区域，在发射电极到测量电极的电势梯度线上，测量敏感函数近似于一个指数函数.     

鄱阳湖地区土壤,植被光谱混合模型的研究

本文针对鄱阳湖地区的土壤、植被的特点设计了一套非线性混合光谱模型、较好了地预测了实际的混合光谱，从预测精度上看，要优于传统的线性混合光谱模型。