龙首二级面板堆石坝三维真非线性地震反应分析和评价

基于土石料三维粘弹塑性动力本构模型,并采用新型三维各向异性有厚度薄单元来模拟面板和堆石的接触面特性,建立了高面板堆石坝地震反应分析的三维真非线性动力分析方法.利用坝料动力特性的大型三轴试验成果,分析计算了龙首二级(西流水)面板堆石坝的地震反应,主要包括加速度反应、堆石体应力反应及坝体单元抗震安全系数、面板应力反应和变形及接缝位移、高趾墙动力反应等.为大坝的抗震设计提供了有力的技术依据.     

土石坝地震永久变形参数反演方法研究

提出了一种基于径向基网络的土石坝永久变形参数反演分析模型。该模型充分利用了径向基神经网络的非线性映射能力,只需要进行少量的样本设计,即可反演坝体永久变形参数,可以解决土石坝动力参数反演计算耗时长的问题。同时在对永久变形参数进行灵敏度分析的基础上,建立考虑参数灵敏度的网络训练目标函数,进一步提高了反演精度。将所建立的模型用于紫平铺面板堆石坝地震永久变形参数反演,采用三维有限元法进行静动力分析,并采用改进的沈珠江模型计算坝体地震永久变形。结果表明,反演参数计算的大坝地震永久变形和坝体实测永久变形数值接近,趋势一致,因而所建立的模型能够有效地反演坝体地震永久变形参数,为土石坝的动力参数反演提供了一种简便、有效的方法。     

Comparison of 2D versus 3D modeling approaches for the analysis of the concrete faced rock‐fill Cokal Dam

This paper's primary purpose is to compare the 2D and 3D analysis methodologies in investigating the performance of a concrete faced rock‐fill dams under dynamic loading conditions. The state of stress on the face plate was obtained in both cases using a total strain based crack model to predict the spreading of cracks on the plate and the corresponding crack widths. Results of the 2D and 3D analyses agree well. Although significantly more demanding, 3D analyses have the advantage of predicting the following: (i) the opening of the vertical construction joints; (ii) the cracking at the valley sides; and (iii) the crushing of the plate during the seismic action. During the earthquake loading, the cracking predicted at the base of the face plate after the impounding spread significantly towards the crest of the dam; however, the crack widths are obtained relatively small. Crushing of the face plates at the construction joints is the primary cause of the large scale cracking predicted on the face plate for high intensity earthquakes. Earthquake induced permanent deformation of the fill increases the compressive stresses on the face plate, thereby reducing the minute cracking on the plate. However, this effect also leads to significant increases in the residual openings at the construction joints and at the plinth level. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

挤压边墙对混凝土面板影响的三维有限元分析

挤压式边墙技术是近年混凝土面板堆石坝发展最具有代表性的新技术之一。本课题以使用挤压式边墙的面板堆石坝为主要研究对象,具体结合一个工程实例进行分析。运用ANSYS参数化设计语言（APDL）实现了用点面接触单元模拟面板与边墙的接触;创新性地采用非线性连接单元模拟面板垂直缝和周边缝。在此基础上,计算了有挤压式边墙和无边墙两种情况下坝体及面板分别在竣工期和蓄水期的应力、变形;最终确定两者面板应力应变之间的差异,明确挤压边墙对面板的影响。     

Influence of seismic wave type and incident direction on the dynamic response of tall concrete-faced rockfill dams

Owing to the stochastic behavior of earthquakes and complex crustal structure, wave type and incident direction are uncertain when seismic waves arrive at a structure. In addition, because of the different types of the structures and terrains, the traveling wave effects have different influences on the dynamic response of the structures. For the tall concrete-faced rockfill dam (CFRD), it is not only built in the complex terrain such as river valley, but also its height has reached 300 m level, which puts forward higher requirements for the seismic safety of the anti-seepage system mainly comprising concrete face slabs, especially the accurate location of the weak area in seism. Considering the limitations of the traditional uniform vibration analysis method, we implemented an efficient dynamic interaction analysis between a tall CFRD and its foundation using a non-uniform wave input method with a viscous-spring artificial boundary and equivalent nodal loads. This method was then applied to investigate the dynamic stress distribution on the concrete face slabs for different seismic wave types and incident directions. The results indicate that dam-foundation interactions behave differently at different wave incident angles, and that the traveling wave effect becomes more evident in valley topography. Seismic wave type and incident direction dramatically influenced stress in the face slab, and the extreme stress values and distribution law will vary under oblique wave incidence. The influence of the incident direction on slab stress was particularly apparent when SH-waves arrived from the left bank. Specifically, the extreme stress values in the face slab increased with an increasing incident angle. Interestingly, the locations of the extreme stress values changed mainly along the axis of the dam, and did not exhibit large changes in height. The seismic safety of CFRDs is therefore lower at higher incident angles from an anti-seepage perspective. Therefore, it is necessary to consider both the seismic wave type and incident direction during seismic capacity evaluations of tall CFRDs.     

Analysis on residual strain of Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam after Wenchuan earthquake

The Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam (CFRD) was subjected to significant local damage in the “5.12” Wenchuan earthquake. It is the first rockfill dam of more than one hundred meters high to encounter a strong earthquake anywhere in the world. Based on the finite element smoothing method, the residual strains at a typical cross-section and a downstream slope of the dam were obtained by processing the dam monitored displacement data. The position of and reason for the dam settlement and deformation of rockfill dilatancy in the earthquake were analyzed according to the section residual strain. The results show that the maximum settlement ratio on the dam body approximately occurs at 2/3 of the dam height; dilatancy occurs from the dam crest to 25–30 m in the upstream and downstream slope; the immediate cause of the face slabs horizontal construction joint dislocation is excessive residual shear strain. Meanwhile, the position of and reason for the dam fissure in the earthquake were analyzed according to the dam slope residual strain.     

混凝土面板堆石坝的一种坝坡修整算法

基于混凝土面板堆石坝面板施工的实际情况,指出了通常混凝土面板堆石数值计算在模拟面板施工算法上的缺陷。提出了面板堆石坝竣工期上游坝坡修整力学问题,建立了一种适合平面问题和三维问题的统一坝坡修整算法,对任何采用接触模型模拟垫层料和混凝土面板受力特性的有限元计算模型,都具有普遍意义,并在有限元软件ABAQUS中实现了该算法。算例分析表明：该算法简洁和有效,能够保持良好的网格形态,使接触非线性计算收敛速度极大改善,并使蓄水状态下混凝土面板和坝体计算结果更趋于真实。同时,对考虑堆石料流变特性,研究施工阶段或蓄水后混凝土面板与垫层之间是否会发生“脱空”现象提供必要基础。     

Seismic performance of earth-core and concrete-faced rock-fill dams by large-scale shaking table tests

Two of China's highest earth-core rock-fill dams (ECRDs) and concrete-faced rock-fill dams (CFRDs) were simulated by large-scale earthquake simulation shaking table tests in this work. A series of staged tests were performed, including white noise, different types of earthquake excitations with different magnitudes etc. The seismic performance of the ECRD and CFRD models were analyzed and investigated. The test results indicated that reservoir impoundment influenced the structure and seismic characteristics of the ECRD model much more than the CFRD model. The average fundamental frequency of the CFRD decreased less than the ECRD model when subjected to strong excitation. The acceleration amplification factors decreased as the input peak acceleration increased. The maximum acceleration occurred at the top of the ECRD model, while it occurred at 0.6–0.9 dam height of the CFRD model. Seismic residual deformations of the two models were very small. When subjected to strong earthquake excitation, the residual deformation of the CFRD model was smaller than that of the ECRD model. The dominant failure pattern of the two models was shallow sliding at the height of 3/4 on the downstream slope. The above analysis indicated that seismic performance of CFRD was superior to ECRD.     

流变变形对高面板堆石坝面板脱空的影响分析

面板堆石坝尤其是高面板堆石坝的运行实践表明,堆石的流变现象比较显著。采用基于直接约束算法的接触力学分析方法模拟了混凝土面板和堆石体之间的接触关系。考虑堆石体的流变特性,并结合天生桥一级面板堆石坝的现场观测结 果,对高面板堆石坝中的面板脱空问题进行了有限元计算分析,研究了坝体流变变形对面板脱空和垫层亏坡问题的影响。     

堆石体流变对混凝土面板坝应力变形特性的影响

简要介绍了公伯峡水电站混凝土面板堆石坝坝内堆石料流变试验结果和流变计算模型。采用三维有限单元法对公伯峡水电站混凝土面板坝进行了模拟计算,对比了考虑堆石料流变和不考虑流变的计算结果,分析研究了堆石料流变特性对坝体变形以及对混凝土面板应力变形和周边缝位移的影响。