Metropolitan-scale Transport and Dispersion from the New York World Trade Center Following September 11, 2001. Part II: An Application of the CALPUFF Plume Model

Following the collapse of the New York World Trade Center (WTC) towers on September 11, 2001, Local, State, and Federal agencies initiated numerous air monitoring activities to better understand the ongoing impacts of emissions from the disaster. The collapse of the World Trade Center towers and associated fires that lasted for several weeks resulted at times in a noticeable plume of material that was dispersed around the Metropolitan New York City (NYC) area. In general, the plume was only noticeable for a short period of time following September 11, and only apparent close to the World Trade Center site. A study of the estimated pathway which the plume of WTC material would likely follow was completed to support the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s 2002 initial exposure assessments. In this study, the WTC emissions were simulated using the CALMET-CALPUFF model in order to examine the general spatial and temporal dispersion patterns over NYC. This paper presents the results of the CALPUFF plume model in terms of plume dilution and location, since the exact source strength remains unknown. Independent observations of PM_2.5 are used to support the general dispersion features calculated by the model. Results indicate that the simulated plume matched well with an abnormal increase (600–1000% of normal) in PM_2.5 two nights after the WTC collapse as the plume rotated north to southeast, towards parts of NYC. Very little if any evidence of the plume signature was noted during a similar flow scenario a week after September 11. This leads to the conclusion that other than areas within a few kilometers from the WTC site, the PM_2.5 plume was not observable over NYC’s background concentration after the first few days.     

2007年冬季沈阳典型大气污染源PM10排放模拟

选取沈阳市区9个典型的大气污染源冬季的PM10排放浓度资料,利用MM5耦合CALPUFF对2007年12月至2008年2月沈阳城市区域气象场和排放PM10浓度分布进行月平均数值模拟.结果表明:冬季沈阳地区受高压控制,北风较强,并经过增强、减弱的过程,多呈现对大气污染物扩散不利的天气形势.高空为偏西风且风速较大时,地面和...     

2007年冬季沈阳典型大气污染源PM10排放模拟

选取沈阳市区9个典型的大气污染源冬季的PM10。排放浓度资料,利用MM5耦合CALPUFF对2007年12月至2008年2月沈阳城市区域气象场和排放PM10。浓度分布进行月平均数值模拟。结果表明：冬季沈阳地区受高压控制,北风较强,并经过增强、减弱的过程,多呈现对大气污染物扩散不利的天气形势。高空为偏西风且风速较大时,地面和高空有明显的风向和风速的切变,切变有增强和减弱的变化。2007年冬季沈阳市区域月平均大气污染最严重的是2月,污染物分布主要集中在南部、东南部地区,南部地区大气污染最为严重。PM10。浓度分布的范围与风场、地形有直接的关系。地势平坦、风速大时,污染物扩散范围大,污染物浓度小;地势不平、风速小时,污染物扩散范围小,污染物浓度大。     

Metropolitan-scale Transport and Dispersion from the New York World Trade Center Following September 11, 2001. Part I: An Evaluation of the CALMET Meteorological Model

Following the collapse of the New York City World Trade Center towers on September 11, 2001, Local, State and Federal agencies initiated numerous air monitoring activities to better understand the impact of emissions from the disaster. A study of the estimated pathway that a potential plume of emissions would likely track was completed to support the U.S. EPA’s initial exposure assessments. The plume from the World Trade Center was estimated using the CALMET-CALPUFF dispersion modeling system. The following is the first of two reports that compares several meteorological models, including the CALMET diagnostic model, the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) and 5^th Generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) in the complex marine-influenced urban setting of NYC. Results indicate wind speed, in most cases, is greater in CALMET than the two mesoscale models because the CALMET micrometeorological processor does not properly adjust the wind field for surface roughness variations that exits in a major built-up urban area. Small-scale circulations, which were resolved by the mesoscale models, were not well simulated by CALMET. Independent wind observations in Lower Manhattan suggest that the wind direction estimates of CALMET possess a high degree of error because of the urban influence. Wind speed is on average 1.5 ms⁻¹ stronger in CALMET than what observations indicate. The wind direction downwind of the city is rotated 25–34 clockwise in CALMET, relative to what observations indicate.     

CALPUFF在沈阳地区大气污染模拟中的应用

利用CALPUFF模拟了2006年1月5日沈阳地区大气污染物扩散。结果表明,CALPUFF能够直观、真实地模拟大气环境中污染物浓度的分布。污染物扩散的范围与风速相关,风速大时污染物扩散的范围大,风速小时污染物扩散的范围小。当污染物扩散的范围大时污染源附近的污染物浓度值小,污染物扩散范围小时污染源附近的污染物浓度大。其中,日平均浓度的分布受平均风场和地形的双重影响,实时浓度的分布主要受风场的影响。     

CALPUFF模型在合肥地区SO2大气环境容量测算中的应用

在对合肥地区污染源调查的基础上,利用CALPUFF模型模拟了合肥地区大气污染物SO₂质量浓度场,通过与现场监测结果对比分析了模型的适用性,并根据模拟结果研究了不同排放源对合肥地区大气污染的贡献情况,建立了大气污染物传递矩阵;通过综合考虑城市区域的大气扩散能力、污染源贡献和大气环境质量目标等,采用线性规划模型测算了合肥市的大气环境容量.     

CALPUFF模型模拟结果的时空多维可视化表达

大气污染扩散模型数值模拟结果的时空多维可视化表达,能有效展示大气污染扩散空间分布,为快速高效辅助后期污染分析与应急决策提供重要的参考。CALPUFF模型能高效模拟污染物在大气环境中时空变化的扩散过程,而现有大气污染扩散模型模拟结果可视化表达普遍存在不能有效集成地理信息、缺失部分重要维度特征等问题。论文首先分析了CALPUFF模型,及其与组件式GIS紧密集成的技术方案,为模型模拟结果与地理信息集成提供了技术支持。然后,基于CALPUFF模型的数值计算模拟结果,详细研究了风场数据预处理及其矢量绘制方法,浓度场的数据预处理及其栅格渲染方法。在三维地形场景下,探究了大气污染物的时空扩散模拟可视化表达方法,给出了CALPUFF模型模拟结果与三维地形场景的集成表达策略。最后,通过组件式GIS,构建了福州市三维地形场景,以大气污染CALPUFF扩散模拟结果为例,在WPF系统框架下,实现了风场和浓度场的时空动态模拟和空间层级多维可视化表达。实验结果表明,本文所采用的时空可视化技术方案能将CALPUFF模型模拟结果,有效集成三维地形场景,实现模型模拟结果在时间维度上动态扩散和在空间维度上的层级分布,可为大气污染模拟结果的时空多维可视化提供参考。     

凉山州工业排放PM_（10）的数值模拟研究

利用CALPUFF耦合MM5的大气扩散模型,对四川省凉山彝族自治州2007年工业排放PM10的扩散传输进行数值模拟,分析了污染物的浓度时空分布以及影响污染物浓度分布的主要因素。结果表明：CALPUFF耦合MM5模型对凉山州2007年工业排放PM10的浓度模拟有着较好的适用性;污染物主要沿着安宁河和黑水河分布,浓度分布特征随时间变化,其中冬季污染较为严重;各市（县）的PM10浓度值有空间差异,西昌和甘洛污染最为严重,季平均浓度分别为67.81μg/m3和57.23μg/m3;凉山州PM10的浓度分布受气象条件、地形和污染源的地理位置的综合影响。     

辽宁中部城市灰霾天气数值模拟

应用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和MM5模拟分析了2010年冬季辽宁中部城市最严重灰霾天气时天气系统特征。应用CALPUFF模拟灰霾天气和2010年冬季沈阳、辽阳、本溪日平均PM₁₀浓度分布。结果表明：500 hPa位势高度场,辽宁处于弱暖脊的位置。850 hPa位势高度场辽宁受辐散、下沉气流的影响。地面风场上地面风向不一致,多受辐散气流影响。在垂直剖面风场,地面上方有明显的位涡高值上升区,高度较低。在地面至高空的温度廓线低空有明显的逆温、逆温层顶的高度较低。2010年12月19-21日沈阳、辽阳、本溪PM₁₀浓度分布向偏东、西北、东南方向发散,主要受地面风向影响。整个冬季平均PM₁₀浓度分布向偏南方向发散。