北极新奥尔松Austre Lovénbreen冰川退缩迹地不同演替阶段的植物组成与植被群落特征分析

为开展新奥尔松地区苔原植物生长和植被演替对冰川退缩响应的研究,在Austre Lovénbreen冰川(简称A冰川)前沿不同年代冰缘线附近布设了植被样方,调查了样方内植物组成与群落结构。结果表明:(1)A冰川1990年冰缘线代表植被演替的初始阶段,样方内仅出现先锋植物挪威虎耳草(Saxifraga oppositifolia);(2)1936年冰缘线代表冰川退缩长达75年后植被发育的情况,样方内植物种类和个体数明显增多,植被群落以木本植物极柳(Salix polaris)和草本植物黄葶苈(Draba bellii)为主,地衣以寒生肉疣衣(Ochrolechia frigida)和鸡皮衣(Pertusaria sp.)等壳状地衣为主;(3)随着冰川迹地形成时间更长,植被趋向成熟阶段发展,样方内极柳占绝对优势,地衣的物种多样性和盖度显著增加,出现雪黄岛衣(Flavocetraria nivalis)和刺岛衣(Cetraria aculeata)等叶状地衣。初步结果表明冰川退缩迹地上的物种更替明显,群落结构发生着显著变化。     

基于GIS冰川末端变化计算方法研究——以北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川为例

基于冰川区地形图和实地GPS测量数据,总结4种用于计算冰川末端变化量的方法:主流线法、中心线法、周长法和特征点法,并提出基于GIS的操作思路.分析了各种方法的优缺点,阐述了各种方法在使用中的注意事项.建议使用最短距离的特征点法计算冰川末端变化量,并且以前一期的特征点向后一期的冰川边界搜索最短距离.通过把方法应用在北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川,结果表明,自2005年观测以来北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川末端呈现退缩趋势,年均退缩量为9.44m.a-1,年际变差系数为0.40,冰川末端变化量年际变化较大.     

北极Svalbard群岛Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面运动特征

以野外实测数据为基础,分析北极Svalbard群岛Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面运动特征。结果表明:(1)Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面水平运动速度平均分别为2.14 m·a-1和6.28 m·a-1,变差系数平均分别为0.24和0.14,夏季水平运动速度略高于冬季,水平运动速度与其所处海拔高度具有多项式型关系,冰川主流线表面水平运动速度高于两侧,冰川两侧的表面水平运动速度不对称,Austre Lovénbreen冰川从源头至末端依次表现为运动的压缩区、拉伸区和压缩区;(2)Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面垂直运动速度平均分别为0.76 m·a-1和0.90 m·a-1,两条冰川表面夏季垂直运动速度均大于冬季且夏季变差系数小,垂直运动速度与海拔高度具有一元线性相关性,表面物质平衡造成的高程变化对垂直运动速度的贡献率最大;(3)Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面应变率分布表现为沿主流线方向逐渐减小然后负向增加,且其变差系数平均分别为0.19和0.15。     

ISOTOPIC AND IONIC VARIATIONS IN GLACIER RIVER WATER DURING THREE CONTRASTING ABLATION SEASONS

The significance of the baseflow component of glacier river discharge in summer varies with geographical location, altitude, glacier geometry and glacier size. Baseflow is maintained by meltwater generated above the transient equilibrium line and by water released from temporary storage on, in or beneath the glacier. At the Norwegian glacier Austre Okstindbreen, where precipitation is generally high throughout the year and the summers are cool and wet, observations in three successive, but contrasting, years have shown that Na⁺ ion concentrations in the glacier river water are influenced strongly by the amount of snowmelt. This itself depends on the preceding winter conditions, which determine the amount of accumulation, and on the current summer's weather. The efficiency of the glacier's drainage systems depends on the general progress of summer ablation. The speed with which the systems develop influences ion provision from subglacial sources. Ca²⁺ ion concentrations are largely determined by subglacial conditions. Oxygen isotope variations in glacier river water reflect the relative contributions made to total discharge by snow meltwater and other sources; the composition of the snow cover, which is a function of winter temperatures, has a strong influence. Ice meltwater has low isotopic variability, but the isotopic composition of rainfall varies markedly. A simple model of mixing of englacial and subglacial waters, each of a constant composition, cannot be applied to a high-latitude glacier of the size and altitudinal range of Austre Okstindbreen.