MECHANISM OF THE HYDROLYSIS OF ADENOSINE 5＇-TRIPHOSPHATE: A REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF KINETIC DATA

Data of the hydrolysis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate have been re-evaluated using a computer program thatnumerically integrates the differential rate equations within a routine that optimizes rate coefficients givena suitable model and concentration versus time data. The model is tested by calculation of Hamilton R-values, the Fisher F-statistic, a sensitivity analysis,the standard errors on the rate coefficients and by constructing contour maps of the objective functionversus two rate coefficients. An optimization using only phosphate concentration data cannot distinguish between a model in whichadenosine 5'-monophosphate is formed predominantly directly with a molecule of pyrophosphate, andone in which it is formed via adenosine 5'-diphosphate. A more accurate set of rate coefficients iscalculated from existing data and the relative importance of the two paths determined.     

Ca2+、Mg2+及盐度对凡纳滨对虾体内代谢酶的影响

为探讨Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度对凡纳滨对虾体内代谢酶的相对独立作用和相互影响,进而为提高凡纳滨对虾生长力和免疫力提供理论依据,本实验采取L49(78)安排7水平Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度,L8(27)安排2水平Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度,开展60 d凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖试验,通过比较对虾体内消化酶、ATP酶及免疫类酶的活性以分析Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度对凡纳滨对虾生长力和免疫力的影响。结果表明:水体中Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度对消化酶具有显著影响(P<0.05),其中与对虾消化吸收联系最紧密的蛋白酶中,盐度对胃蛋白酶影响显著,盐度为10时酶活最高,Ca2+、盐度对类胰蛋白酶影响显著,Ca2+为200 mg/L,盐度为20时,酶活最高;Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度对ATP酶具有显著影响(P<0.05),其中对Na+-K+-ATP酶都有显著影响,Ca2+为300 mg/L,Mg2+为500 mg/L,盐度为30时酶活最高,Ca2+、Mg2+对Mg2+-ATP酶具有显著影响,Ca2+为200 mg/L,Mg2+为500 mg/L时酶活最高,Ca2+对Ca2+-ATP酶具有显著影响,Ca2+为200、300 mg/L时酶活最高;Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度对凡纳滨对虾体内免疫酶具有显著影响(P<0.05),Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度对ACP都有显著影响,Ca2+为100 mg/L,Mg2+为150 mg/L,盐度为30时酶活最高,Mg2+对AKP具有显著影响,在150 mg/L时酶活最高,Ca2+、盐度对SOD酶活具有显著影响,Ca2+为100 mg/L,盐度为35时酶活最高;Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度间的交互作用对体内代谢酶也有一定影响。     

The effect of membrane filtration on estimates of microbial ATP in New Zealand freshwaters

Concentrations of microbial ATP in 15 New Zealand lakes were determined using 2 extraction techniques. ATP was found in both the paniculate (>0.45 μm) and dissolved (<0.45 μm) fractions of the water samples. Higher concentrations of paniculate ATP were obtained when ATP was extracted directly from freshwater samples rather than following pre‐concentration on to membrane filters. Recovery of particulate ATP declined with increasing volumes of sample filtered. The magnitude of the filtration effect varied unpredictably between lakes and within lakes with time. Corrections for the presence of dissolved ATP were necessary before estimates of particulate ATP could be made by the direct extraction technique. Concentrations of dissolved ATP up to 1.2 μg L^‐1 were observed. The direct extraction technique is recommended for more accurate determination of particulate ATP in New Zealand freshwaters.     

波流联合作用下深水铰接塔平台的组合共振

研究了深水铰接塔平台在波流联合作用下的组合共振特性。将平台顶部工作单元简化为集中质量,塔柱和浮力仓简化为均匀直杆,建立了铰接塔平台运动分析模型。考虑海流和波浪对平台的作用,应用Morison公式计算铰接塔平台瞬时位置所受水动力,依据拉格朗日原理建立了铰接塔平台的强非线性运动方程。分别考虑波浪作用和波流联合作用,采用数值计算方法,计算了高400m、塔柱直径15m的浮力塔平台的多种组合共振响应。研究表明,波浪作用下平台将出现2vm＋vn组合共振,波流联合作用下平台将出现vm＋vn组合共振、2vm＋vn组合共振。     

水温对棘胸蛙(Paa spinosa)蝌蚪行为及尾部皮肤和肝脏相关功能酶活力的影响

以1月龄棘胸蛙蝌蚪[体长(1.694±0.121)cm,体重(0.548±0.062)g]为实验对象,在观察水温对蝌蚪行为和尾部皮肤表观色泽Hunter L、A、B值影响的基础上,设置19°C(对照组)、21.5°C、23°C、24.5°C、26°C五个水温梯度,并以96h为水温胁迫时长,12d为水温恢复时长,研究了水温胁迫及恢复条件下棘胸蛙蝌蚪尾部皮肤ATP酶和抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT),以及肝脏抗氧化酶(SOD,CAT,GSH)活力的变化特征。结果表明:(1)棘胸蛙蝌蚪分布水层、集群状况、个体移动率均与其培育水温关系密切,14°C和26°C分别为可显著改变蝌蚪分布水层和个体移动率的水温临界;(2)L值可作为表征蝌蚪尾部皮肤感应培育水温的指示色差,水温26°C为致其发生显著改变的高温临界;(3)蝌蚪尾部皮肤ATP酶耐受水温的最适高限为24.5°C,适宜范围为21.5—24.5°C;(4)蝌蚪尾部皮肤和肝脏表露SOD酶活力的最适水温均为23°C,而表露CAT酶活力的最适水温则分别为23°C和24.5°C,水温26°C时肝脏SOD酶已表露受损;(5)蝌蚪肝脏表露GSH酶活力的最适水温为24.5°C,水温26°C为该酶表露受损的高温临界。     

Utilizing in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study sublethal stress in aquatic organisms

In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is a powerful technique for characterizing the sublethal actions of physical and chemical stressors in live, intact organisms. In particular, 31P NMR is ideal for observing perturbations to cellular energetics since critical metabolite concentrations, including phosphagens, ATP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), can be measured non-invasively and in real time. This technique's versatility is demonstrated not only in the diversity of organisms that can be studied, but also in its broad-ranging applicability to environmental research. Illustrative studies include the actions of copper in adult red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and changes in energetically important metabolites in developing medaka embryos (Oryzias latipes). Advantages and disadvantages of in vivo NMR will be discussed.     

东海颗粒有机碳的研究

于１９９４年春季（４月）和秋季（１０－１１月）对东海颗粒有机碳（ＰＯＣ），颗粒氮，ＡＴＰ（三磷酸腺苷）进行测定，通过ＡＴＰ定量区分ＰＯＣ中的生命与非生命部分，结果表明，春秋两季ＰＯＣ的平均值为４１７μｇ／Ｌ其中春季为２８０μｇ／Ｌ，生命部分占１０％；秋季为５４１μｇ／Ｌ，生命部分占４％，春季表层ＰＯＣ以东海陆架中部为高值区同周围递减，与ＡＴＰ的分布相似，而且颗粒有机物中的Ｃ：Ｎ比值较低（７．６３）     

海洋无脊椎动物体内能量物质--磷酸精氨酸的研究进展

磷酸精氨酸是无脊椎动物体内一种重要的磷酸原,它能够给机体提供一个ATP的缓冲库,从而保证机体的能量供应处于平衡状态,并进而提高机体的抗应激能力。本文综述了无脊椎动物体内磷酸精氨酸的功能、其含量在应激状态下的变化、在运动中的作用以及动物体内的磷酸精氨酸含量等的研究进展。     

刺激隐核虫ADP/ATP 载体蛋白基因的克隆和分子特征分析

刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)是严重危害海水鱼类的寄生纤毛虫,为了对其进行分子水平的研究,采用SMART技术构建了刺激隐核虫滋养体期的cDNA文库,并随机挑取克隆做EST测序,获得大量克隆的基因。从中挑选ATP/ADP载体蛋白基因同源物(CiAAC)的克隆进一步测序获得全长的cDNA序列。该序列全长为1029bp,包含编码287个氨基酸的开放阅读框。用RT-PCR分析了其在刺激隐核虫各时期的表达情况,并应用生物信息学分析方法,对CiAAC基因进行不同物种的系统进化树分析、功能区分析、物理性质分析、疏水性分析、跨膜结构域预测、亚细胞定位、二级结构预测等等。结果表明:CiAAC蛋白在刺激隐核虫各时期均有表达;据预测,它为六次跨膜蛋白,与卵形肠虫(Nyctotherus ovalis)的ADP/ATP载体蛋白的同源性最高,相似性达65%;蛋白为疏水性,并定位于刺激隐核虫的细胞质中。随后实验中通过对基因的定点诱变,将纤毛虫的非通用密码进行改造后,构建了pGEX-4T-1/CiAAC表达载体。以上实验为病原生物刺激隐核虫CiAAC载体蛋白的研究及应用提供了基础资料。