沁水盆地原始水动力场类型及其对煤层气排采的影响

水动力场研究在煤层气勘探开发中具有重要作用。本文首先讨论了基于煤层气井排采资料的水动力场研究方法,在分析沁水盆地柿庄区块原始水动力场特点的基础上,结合前人在盆地其他区块水动力场的研究成果,分析了沁水盆地原始水动力场的类型,进而探讨了水动力场类型对煤层气排采的控制作用。研究表明:沁水盆地自边缘向腹部依次存在重力驱动型、滞流型和压实驱动型三种类型的区域原始水动力场;重力驱动型和滞流型水动力场具备煤层气保存条件,含气量高,煤层气排采效果相对较好,而压实驱动型水动力场虽具备一定的保存条件,但因地层压力较高,煤层气井排水降压困难,产气效果较差;无论是在重力驱动型还是滞流型的区域水动力场中,局部的低势汇聚区具备煤层气保存和排采的有利条件,煤层气开发效果一般较好。在未来煤层气勘探开发过程中,应将重力流驱型或滞流型水动力场所在区域中的局部低势汇聚区作为煤层气开发的甜点区。     

Influence of the surface microlayer on the flux of nonconservative trace gases (CO,H2, CH4, N2O) across the ocean-atmosphere interface

Gas exchange experiments were conducted in the tropical Atlantic Ocean during a ship expedition with FS Meteor using a small rubber raft. The temporal change of the mixing ratios of CO, H₂, CH₄ and N₂O in the headspace of a floating glass box and the concentrations of these gases in the water phase were measured to determine their transfer velocities across the ocean-atmosphere interface. The ocean acted as a sink for these gases when the water was undersaturated with respect to the mixing ratio in the headspace. The transfer velocities were different for the individual gases and showed still large differences even when normalized for diffusivity. Applying the laminar film model, film thicknesses of 20 to 70 m were calculated for the observed flux rates of the different gas species. When the water was supersaturated with respect to atmospheric CO, H₂, CH₄ and N₂O, the transfer velocities of the emission process were smaller than those determined for the deposition process. In case of H₂ and CH₄, emission was even not calculable although, based on the observed gradient, the laminar film model predicted significant fluxes at the air-sea interface. The results are interpreted by destruction processes active within the surface microlayer.     

不同坡度缓冲带滞缓径流及污染物去除定量化

利用构建的东风港缓冲带现场试验基地和设计的径流流量测定装置,模拟上海地区农业面源污染物浓度和典型单次降雨历时及降雨量,对不同坡度缓冲带滞缓径流和农田氮磷污染物去除能力开展定量化试验研究。结果表明:相同植被缓冲带,坡度越小,其滞缓径流和土壤水力渗透的能力越强,19 m长的2%坡度缓冲带径流初始出水时间比5%坡度缓冲带延长了7.3 min,两者的渗流水量比值达到1.74;不同坡度缓冲带渗流氮磷污染物去除量显著高于径流,2%、3%、4%和5%坡度缓冲带对于氮磷污染物的渗流去除量与径流去除量的比值分别为2.32、2.15、1.82和1.64;坡度的变化对缓冲带净化面源氮磷污染物效果的影响显著,坡度越小,缓冲带渗流水量越大,其氮磷污染物的总去除率和单位面积去除负荷也越高,2%坡度缓冲带对氮磷污染的总去除率和单位面积污染去除负荷分别是5%坡度的1.56倍和1.66倍,2%坡度缓冲带对TN、NH₃--N、TP的单位面积去除负荷均最高,分别达到0.661 g/m2、0.672 g/m2和0.044 g/m2。     

加味血府逐瘀胶囊治疗心脏X综合征心血瘀阻证41例

目的：探讨加味血府逐瘀胶囊治疗心脏X综合征（CSX）心血瘀阻证的临床疗效及作用机制。方法：将82例CSX心血瘀阻证患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各41 例。对照组给予常规西药治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上给予加味血府逐瘀胶囊治疗,疗程均为30 d。比较2组治疗前后加拿大心血管病学会（CCS）分级、西雅图心绞痛量表（SAQ）积分、中医证候积分、内皮因子（血清内皮素-1、一氧化氮）水平、炎症因子（C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6）水平、心电图平板运动试验结果,并评估临床疗效及中医证候疗效。结果：总有效率治疗组为95.12%（39/41）,高于对照组的70.73%（29/41）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。中医证候疗效总有效率治疗组为92.68%（38/41）,高于对照组的65.85%（27/41）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。2组CCS分级、SAQ积分、中医证候积分、内皮因子及炎症因子各项指标水平治疗前后组内比较及治疗后组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01或P<0.05）;治疗组心电图平板运动试验阳性率降低（P<0.05）。结论：加味血府逐瘀胶囊能改善CSX心血瘀阻证患者中医证候和心绞痛严重程度,减轻炎症反应,降低心电图平板运动试验阳性率,改善血管内皮功能,保护心功能和冠脉循环,值得临床推广。     

短时强降水对剑河县城市内涝风险影响分析

城市内涝的发生与气象条件紧密相关,强降水是致灾的关键因素。通过分析把握剑河县城降雨变化趋势,结合城区的易涝点及历史积水资料,得到内涝灾害风险的分布特征及演变规律,进一步开展气象条件致灾关键环节分析,有助于剑河县内涝灾害气象决策服务更加精细化,为加强城市灾害的应急处置和应对防范能力体系建设提供气象支撑。通过对剑河县国家气象观测站2007～2021年降水数据进行分析,剑河县城降水主要集中在4～9月,占全年降水的74.5％,该时段也是剑河县城短时强降水、大雨、暴雨的集中高发期,4～9月大雨以上量级降水出现日数呈增多趋势,近15a来1h最大降水量呈逐年波动增加趋势,且主要发生在4～9月。结合DEM数字高程数据得到的易积水路段点及历史积水内涝资料分析,当短时强降水发生时,县城易积水路段会出现不同程度的积水,当小时雨强达到20mm且未来降水持续时,有积水达到10~20cm的风险,对行人过往造成影响,需加强监测并提示相关部门注意易积水路段可能出现积水风险;小时雨强超过30mm时,有积水超过20cm的风险,对车辆及低洼路段建筑影响较大,需及时联系相关部门建议在易积水路段采取相应排水措施,避免出现积水内涝情况影响居民工作生活,同时开展公众服务建议居民注意出行安全;小时雨强超过50mm时,将出现30cm以上积水,对过往车辆及低洼段建筑影响很大,行驶车辆应当就近到安全区域暂避,避免将车辆停放在低洼易涝等危险区域,如遇严重水浸等危险情况应当立即弃车逃生。相关应急处置部门和抢险单位应当严密监视灾情,做好内涝可能引发的其他灾害应急抢险救灾工作。     

冻结滞水效应及其促滑机理 ——以甘肃黑方台地区为例

冻融期地质灾害的不断发生,愈来愈引起社会关注并被更多的学者所重视,甘肃黑方台地区冬春交接时期滑坡频发,是研究季节性冻融作用的首选之地.为了探索是否存在冻结滞水效应,揭示冻融作用诱发滑坡灾害机理,建立了气温、地温和地下水位动态等协同观测网.监测数据显示:黑方台地区存在季节性冻融现象,可划分为冻结期(秋冬)、完全冻结期(冬)、冻融期(春夏)、融化期(夏秋)的年季循环过程,也存在昼夜气温变化引起的循环冻融过程;斜坡中段冻结引起的地下水位上升了1.0m,证实了冻结滞水效应的存在.地下水模拟结果表明,冻结滞水引起斜坡坡脚水位壅高幅度超过3m,水平影响距离达到30m以上.冻结前坡体稳定系数为1.19;冻结后仅考虑冻结滞水效应引起的地下水位上升,稳定系数减小到1.09;反复冻融后,考虑黄土强度降低因素,坡体稳定系数降至0.97,说明冻结滞水效应和循环冻融的双重作用是滑坡在春季频发的根本原因.     

干旱地区冻结滞水的形成及其在造林中的应用

为探索干旱地区冰结滞水形成及融化规律,经室内冰融模拟试验结果表明,在冰结势作用下包气带水和空气中水分以液态和气态向冰结滞水层迁移富集,含水率比冰结前增加１１．１％￣１４．７５％,主要富集在０￣２０ｃｍ的深度,形成倒置富水性。在解冻期间由上向下融化,融水以蒸发为主消耗。部分向下运动,可见,冰结滞水是干旱区技术等植物越冬春季繁衍不可缺少的水资源,应用冰结滞水的理论和动态规律。采用科学的技术措施,提高其     

从地下水赋存运移规律的再认识谈北京平原地面沉降发生的另一原因

通过主要对分层专门监测井进行取样,从水位、水质、水温及氘、氧-18、碳-14等方面进行分析,认为本区在扇缘及以下的冲洪积平原区地下水具有明显的呈层性,层间联系较差;运用氘、氧-18稳定同位素方法及碳-14定年确定出15个古水点,认为扇缘以下冲洪积平原区平均大致250m深度以下多出现古水点,表明深部水交替整体非常缓慢,局部滞留。据此分析,产生分层、深部交替缓慢及局部滞留的主要原因是由于黏土类地层的阻隔及地层的沉积压实,尤其是差异性压实,会形成相对封闭的滞留含水层。并认为地下水交替缓慢及局部滞留而不能及时获得补给是本区地面沉降发生的另一重要原因。     

Geomorphic evolution of small river–lake‐systems in northeast Germany during the Late Quaternary

This study investigates the post‐glacial development of four small river–lake systems in the Weichselian belt of northern central Europe. The valleys investigated are part of an immature drainage system characterized by frequent and abrupt changes in flow direction and the presence of numerous stagnant‐ice depressions in the valley course. The depressions contain thick sedimentary sequences which provide excellent archives for the reconstruction of the post‐glacial valley development. Study results indicate that the valleys reuse segments of former subglacial meltwater channels. During the Late Pleniglacial these channels carried meltwater streams. Stagnant‐ice melting occurred in stages from the Oldest Dryas to the early Holocene and was often followed by the formation of lakes in the valley course. Flow reversals occurred during the Late‐glacial–Holocene transition and were in response to general base‐level lowering caused by stagnant‐ice melting, headwater erosion and lake overspills. Lacustrine deposition typically started during the early Late‐glacial comprising mainly silicate gyttjas, whereas organic gyttjas and peats accumulated during the Allerød. The Younger Dryas is associated with a marked increase in fluvial and aeolian sedimentation, and lake‐level high stands. This was followed by early Holocene lake‐level low stands and a subsequent stabilization phase with decreasing silicate input and increasing organic lacustrine deposition. In general, dramatic changes in Late Pleniglacial to early Holocene sedimentation suggest that small‐scale catastrophic events played a more important role in triggering geomorphic changes then previously recognized. Infilling continued until peat accumulation and terrestrialization of lake basins became widespread during the mid‐ to late Holocene. Beginning in the late Holocene anthropogenic influences become important mainly involving an increase in sediment supply due to forest clearing and land use, followed by mill stowage, river course correction and anthropogenic lake‐level manipulations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柳林泉域滞流区岩溶水的热源及其Na+、Cl-来源探讨

柳林泉域滞流区岩溶水以高温、高Na+和Cl-浓度为主要特征。文章在区域地质及水文地质条件分析基础上,采用化学计量学原理,判断了该区岩溶水的热源及Na+和Cl-的来源。结果显示:在泉域的补给区、径流区和排泄区的上青龙、龙门会、杨家港和寨东泉组,岩溶水中的Na+和Cl-主要来源于岩盐的溶解,其中多余的Na+可能来自于阳离子交换、黄土中含Na+矿物的溶解及城市污水的排放;滞流区和排泄区的刘家疙瘩泉组岩溶水中高浓度的Na+和Cl-也主要来自于岩盐的溶解,而多余的Cl-可能由岩溶水中的Na+交换吸附介质中的Ca2+或Mg2+所致。西部滞流区岩溶水的热源主要包括地温梯度增热、当地正常地温、岩石中放射性元素产热和石膏的溶解放热,其贡献率分别为45%、28%、20%和7%。