The Record-breaking Mei-yu in 2020 and Associated Atmospheric Circulation and Tropical SST Anomalies※

The record-breaking mei-yu in the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley (YHRV) in 2020 was characterized by an early onset, a delayed retreat, a long duration, a wide meridional rainbelt, abundant precipitation, and frequent heavy rainstorm processes. It is noted that the East Asian monsoon circulation system presented a significant quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBWO) during the mei-yu season of 2020 that was associated with the onset and retreat of mei-yu, a northward shift and stagnation of the rainbelt, and the occurrence and persistence of heavy rainstorm processes. Correspondingly, during the mei-yu season, the monsoon circulation subsystems, including the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), the upper-level East Asian westerly jet, and the low-level southwesterly jet, experienced periodic oscillations linked with the QBWO. Most notably, the repeated establishment of a large southerly center, with relatively stable latitude, led to moisture convergence and ascent which was observed to develop repeatedly. This was accompanied by a long-term duration of the mei-yu rainfall in the YHRV and frequent occurrences of rainstorm processes. Moreover, two blocking highs were present in the middle to high latitudes over Eurasia, and a trough along the East Asian coast was also active, which allowed cold air intrusions to move southward through the northwestern and/or northeastern paths. The cold air frequently merged with the warm and moist air from the low latitudes resulting in low-level convergence over the YHRV. The persistent warming in the tropical Indian Ocean is found to be an important external contributor to an EAP/PJ-like teleconnection pattern over East Asia along with an intensified and southerly displaced WPSH, which was observed to be favorable for excessive rainfall over YHRV.     

南支气流对高原低涡移出高原影响的数值试验

本文在对2000年以来移出青藏高原后活动时间长的高原低涡活动过程,进行对流层中层南支气流对高原低涡移出高原的影响的观测事实分析基础上,通过对2001年6月1～5日索县低涡移出高原活动的数值模拟和试验分析,得出了在高原低涡以南的南支气流减弱或者是没有南风或者是没有南风脉动的影响,会使低涡移出高原的速度减慢,移出高原12小时后减弱消失。低涡以南的南支气流起到了向低涡区输送水汽通量、正涡度平流的作用,提供利于低涡活动持续的条件。从而丰富了高原低涡东移的认识,为高原低涡洪涝暴雨的预报提供了科学依据。     

2004年7月两次强对流天气过程的对比分析

对两次强对流天气过程的影响系统、物理量场和雷达回波特征等进行了对比分析.分析表明：两次强对流过程有许多相似之处,高、低空西南急流适宜配置而引起的高低层动力场的耦合是强对流发生的动力条件,强对流发生在低层露点锋区及低层水汽通量和散度辐合、高层则相应辐散的大值区域.高低层相对散度正值越大,其所产生的雨量也就越大.多普勒雷达反射率因子图上弓状回波的后侧出现下沉入流急流,相应速度图上的速度值越大,回波移动速度越快,预示着所造成的地面风力也就越大.     

中全新世时期我国西南风气候季节演变的数值模拟结果分析

利用CCSM3海洋-大气耦合模式模拟结果,探讨了中全新世（6kaBP.）我国东部西南风气候的季节演变规律。结果表明,6kaBP.我国东部南风最早于1月出现在 20°～25°N区域,此后逐渐增强,到秋季转为北风。随着南风强度从春季到夏季的强化,南风同时向北和向南扩展。我国东部西风于1月出现在 23°～34°N,之后也逐渐加强,并于 6～8月发生北跳,9月开始转为东风。这些特征与当今西南风爆发进程相类似,不过也存在一些显著差异,尤其是在夏季。与当今气候相比,6kaBP.强南风建立时间偏晚,夏季我国东部西南风强度偏强,南风向北扩展更明显。这与6kaBP.东亚大陆和西太平洋之间更大的热力差异以及西南涡和西太平副热带高压的加强有关。研究还表明6kaBP.西南风异常可进一步导致我国东部夏季降水增加和雨带偏北。     

广东前汛期一次锋前暖区暴雨触发机制分析

利用ECMWF的ERAdata再分析资料、Micaps实况等数据,对2015年5月22—24日的广东大范围强降雨过程进行分析,结果表明:该次过程是一次典型的华南前汛期降雨过程,过程中存在明显的两种性质降雨,即粤西北由南支短波槽、低涡、切变线造成的锋面型暴雨,而珠江口及其东侧的暖区暴雨主要是由西南低空急流脉冲引起的;珠江口及其东侧的暖区暴雨的触发机制主要为中尺度能量锋、地面辐合线以及地形等。     

一次季风潮爆发引致的区域性大暴雨过程分析

利用气象观测资料、卫星云图、雷达图以及其它物理量等,对2012年6月21至23日区域性暴雨天气过程进行分析,得出如下结论：这次暴雨过程发生在热带气旋东北移及南海季风槽北抬的背景下,沿海西南急流是这次大暴雨的直接影响系统;这次过程水汽主要来源是南海,降水主要发生在水汽通量大值中心的右边及右前方,本次大暴雨降水强弱与水汽通量、急流及地形等有极为吻合的对应关系.     

Mechanism of the Spring Persistent Rains over southeastern China

The Spring Persistent Rains (SPR) in the areas to the south of middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River or over southeastern China (SEC) is a unique synoptic and climatic phenomenon in East Asia. This study reveals a possible mechanism responsible for the climatic cause of SPR formation through climatic mean data analysis and sensitive numerical model experiments. SEC is located at the down-stream of the southwesterly velocity center (SWVC) which lies on the southeastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). As a result, there are strong southwesterly wind velocity convergence and moisture con-vergence over SEC. This is the immediate climatic cause of SPR formation. In spring, the seasonal evolution of the southwesterly velocity consists with the surface sensible heating over southeastern TP, indicating that the formation of SPR is related to not only the southwesterly wind of mechanical de-flected flow of TP, but also the southwesterly wind of thermal-forced cyclonic low circulation. Sensitive numerical experiments demonstrate that, without TP, both SWVC and the SPR rain belt will disappear. The southwesterly wind velocity increases almost linearly with the amount of the total diabatic heating with TP rising. Therefore, SWVC is the result of the mechanical forcing and thermal forcing of TP. All these strongly suggest that the presence of TP plays a primary role in the climatic formation of SPR.     

2007年6月粤东持续性暴雨的成因分析

为了探讨2007年6月7-10日广东东部和珠江三角洲地区持续性暴雨的成因,使用常规气象观测资料、自动站资料以及NCEP的1°×1°的分析资料对这次过程环流特征和影响系统进行分析,同时使用局地经向环流线性诊断模式对这次过程进行模拟诊断.结果表明:这次粤东暴雨过程是在我国中高纬度稳定的两槽一脊的环流形势下,先后受东槽引导从华东沿海南下冷空气和受从西南地区不断东南移短波槽和低涡引导南下的冷空气影响,在华南北部形成稳定的锋面低槽和低空切变线,有利于水汽的辐合和雨带维持;孟加拉湾的西南急流和副高西侧南海西南气流是两支主要水汽输送带;此次暴雨与暴雨区上空中低层正(负)、高层负(正)的垂直螺旋度(散度)变化密切相关.中高纬度和低纬度系统共同影响以及暴雨区高层和低层动力热力条件配合,使得局地经向环流异常,造成了此次持续性强降水.定量诊断结果表明,在各个动力和热力因子中,潜热加热作用对这次暴雨过程贡献最大,此外反映西风急流和斜压槽活动的西风动量平流以及反映北方弱冷空气作用的水平温度平流也有一定的作用.     

我国春季冷锋后的高架雷暴特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料和国家气象中心对流天气综合监测等资料,对2010-2012年我国春季冷锋后的高架雷暴的时空分布特征和强对流天气特点等进行统计分析,并通过一次典型个例给出影响高架雷暴的主要天气系统,再结合雷暴物理条件的统计特征探讨高架雷暴发生发展的物理机制。研究结果表明,此类高架雷暴主要发生在我国南方地区,具有一定的日变化,常伴冰雹和短时强降水天气。影响高架雷暴的主要天气系统为高低空急流、低层切变线以及500 hPa西风槽等。预报着眼点主要为850和700 hPa大气相对湿度在70%以上;700与500 hPa的温差达16℃以上,有一定的热力不稳定;700 hPa上建立一支低空西南急流,配合500 hPa西风槽以及低层的切变线,这些因素为雷暴触发及发展提供条件。     

苏南两次回流天气过程形势特征和降水相态分析

利用常规观测资料、0.25°×0.25° FNL资料、微波辐射计资料和风廓线雷达资料，对发生在苏南的两次回流天气过程的环流特征、大气层结特征等进行分析。结果表明：高纬度地区500 hPa是两槽一脊的环流形势，近地面层持续受东北风影响，西南暖湿气流在底层冷垫上爬升，是回流降雪天气形势；从东北平原回流南下的冷空气湿度小，在降水中只起到了"冷垫"的作用。中低层西南暖湿气流差异导致两次降雪强度存在差异；近地面层的降温在雨和雪的区分判别上影响更大，统计2012—2022年初苏南地区8个降雪个例发现，苏南地区，满足T₈₅₀≤-4 ℃，T₉₂₅≤-3 ℃，T_{1 000}≤1 ℃，T_{2 m}≤2 ℃这样的温度阈值条件时开始雨转降雪；当1 515 gpm≤H_700-850≤1 575 gpm，1 289 gpm≤H_{850-1 000}≤1 317 gpm时，相态易由雨转雪。中低层西南气流、底层东北风的加强，2 000 m左右高度风场的转变，短波槽（或切变线）触发了不稳定能量的释放，导致降雪发生；当中低层西南气流减弱转为西北气流后，大气水汽含量降低，降雪结束。