一种新的窗户特征提取方法研究

在建筑物立面重建中,窗户提取、结构识别是学者们研究的热点。针对建筑物特征提取的应用需求,文中提出一种基于局部搜索算法——爬山法的窗户信息提取方法,介绍研究中采用的一些原理、方法,从而可以准确有效地从激光扫描数据中提取出建筑物的窗户信息。利用本方案对地面激光扫描系统获取的建筑物实验数据进行具体的处理,并给出可视化表达结果。     

海冰爬坡和堆积行为的试验研究

对于浅海区采油平台等设施常采用斜坡式人工岛形式,虽然在一定程度上起到降低海冰对平台的作用,但是海冰沿着斜坡上爬至平台并形成堆积,同样也会对平台设施造成破坏,因此有必要对海冰堆积爬坡的关键参数进行研究。通过在冰排前进方向放置混凝土实体结构物模拟海冰堆积和爬坡过程,分析了模型冰爬坡和下滑角度、最大堆积高度等关键参数以及模型冰断裂长度的统计特性及其与变形模量的关系,试验结果表明水位越高,冰排越容易发生堆积爬坡。破碎的模型冰在结构物前堆积后,形成爬坡角和下滑角。爬坡角随着堆积体的增大而增大,下滑角则逐渐减小。堆积冰高度一定时,高度不再增加,在来冰方向会形成新的堆积。这种现象为浅海区海上结构物的防冰减灾提供了新思路。     

西藏定结地区爬坡沙丘粒度特征分析

通过对西藏定结地区典型爬坡沙丘表层沉积物的形态参数、粒度组成和粒度参数等进行分析,揭示其粒度特征。结果表明：（1）爬坡沙丘表层沉积物以细砂和中砂为主,极细砂含量较少,同时含有少量粉砂和粗砂,不含粘土成分。（2）沙丘平均粒径范围1.98~2.41 Ф,分选系数变化范围为0.45~0.75,属中等分选,偏度变化范围为0.01~0.12,呈近对称至正偏分布,峰度变化范围为0.94~1.01,呈中等尖锐峰态。（3）从样品PPSQ1~PPSQ6,随着高度和距离的增加,沙丘表层沉积物平均粒径先变细后变粗,分选不断变好。（4）爬坡沙丘表层沉积物主要来源于河漫滩。（5）与雅鲁藏布江、东昆仑山地区爬坡沙丘对比可知,定结地区的沙丘粒径较粗,分选较好,主要是物源及风力分选作用的共同结果。     

Estimation of Nash's IUH parameters using stochastic search algorithms

In rainfall–runoff studies, it is often necessary to change the duration of a given unit hydrograph. Nash's Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) is an ideal method that eliminates the hydrograph duration. This paper presents the results of the application of search algorithms, namely a genetic algorithm and hill climbing, to develop the IUH that minimizes the error between the observed and generated hydrographs. Also the performance of these methods has been compared with that of the classical method used for estimation of IUH, namely the method of moments. The genetic algorithm is a popular search procedure for function optimization that applies the mechanics of natural genetics and natural selection to explore a given search space. Hill climbing is an optimization technique that belongs to the family of local search and algorithms can be used to solve problems that have many solutions, with some solutions better than others. The results obtained from both the genetic algorithm and hill climbing algorithm for estimation of Nash's IUH parameters were compared with the results obtained by the method of moments for storms from two river basins that are located in different climatic regions. It was found that both the genetic algorithm and hill climbing provided improved and consistent results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

贵州绥阳红果树景区地质遗迹特征及探险、洞穴养生旅游

为了普及绥阳红果树景区旅游科普知识,为其它喀斯特旅游区提供探险、洞穴养生等旅游产品的科普示范,文章通过野外实地考察并结合景区地质背景,阐述了贵州绥阳红果树景区地质遗迹特征,并在此基础上深入研究景区“飞拉达”攀登、SRT（单绳技术）升降、洞穴养生等旅游产品,及其产品开发方式。研究表明,绥阳红果树景区地质遗迹丰富、美观、有特色,具有较高的观赏、旅游及科普价值;开展探险、洞穴养生等旅游产品开发在红果树景区具有较好的可行性,其娱乐性、功能性强,发展潜力较大,绥阳红果树景区的探险、洞穴养生项目可作为其它喀斯特旅游区多元化开发之范本。      

清江水布垭库区大堰塘滑坡涌浪分析

2007年6月15日位于水布垭水库巴东县清太平镇的大堰塘滑坡发生滑动,激起高达50 m的巨大涌浪,造成了沿岸的人员伤亡。为了解决大堰塘滑坡引起的涌浪问题,把滑坡引起的涌浪分为体积涌浪和冲击涌浪两部分。根据体积守恒原理及块体水下运动的位移公式求出了初始涌浪的计算公式。把滑坡涌浪衰减过程分为急剧衰减和缓慢衰减两个阶段来考虑,并认为急剧衰减阶段的涌浪的衰减符合指数衰减规律,缓慢衰减阶段符合明槽水流的沿程水头损失规律,对其涌浪的传播和爬坡进行了深入探讨,并与实际调查结果进行了对比分析,该成果对水库库岸滑坡的涌浪传播的研究具有一定的参考意义。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Unfairly Structured Cities . Blair Badcock Religion and Rural Revolt . Janos M. Bak and Gerhard Benecke The Industrial Geography of Canada . Anthony Blackbourn and Robert G. Putnam The Cuban-American Experience, Culture, Images, and Perspectives. Thomas D. Boswell and James R. Curtis Quaternary Paleoclimatology . R. S. Bradley Development and Crisis in Brazil, 1930–1983 . Luiz Bresser Pereiras Centres of Origin in Biogeography . John C. Briggs Analytical Urban Geography . Martin Cadwallader Geomorphology . Richard J. Chorley , Stanley A. Schumm, and David E. Sugden South Africa: The Impact of Past Geographies . A. J. Christopher The Geography of Underdevelopment. A Critical Survey . D. K. Forbes Health Care in Developing Countries . Wilbert M. Gesler Place to Grow Old: The Meaning of Environment in Old Age . Stephen M. Golant The Emerging Marine Economy of the Pacific . Chennat Gopalakrishnan An Introduction to Agricultural Geography . David B. Grigg The Soviet Union: A Geographical Study . G. Melvyn Howe Geographical Aspects of Health: Essays in Honour of Andrew Learmonth . N. D. Mc Glashan and J. R. Blunden Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation . Tom L. Mc Knight Mountain Experience. The Psychology and Sociology of Adventure. Richard G. Mitchell Jr . Systematic and Regional Biogeography. Stanley A. Morain The Economic Transformation of American Cities. T. J. Noyelle and T. M. Stanback , Jr . Normal Accidents: Living With High-Risk Technologies. Charles Perrow Vanishing Farmland: A Legal Solution for the States. Sarah E. Redfield Applied Methods of Regional Analysis: The Spatial Dimensions of Development Policy. Dennis A. Rondinelli Urbanization in Romania. A Geography of Social and Economic Change Since Independence. Per Ronnas Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Gareth Shaw and Dennis Wheeler The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design. Anne Whiston Spirn Political Geography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Peter Taylor and John House Geographia y Medio Ambiente. Manuel Valenzuela -Rubío Nãgara and Commandery: Origins of the Southeast Asian Urban Traditions. Paul Wheatley The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Community. Mark Wise Geography and Gender. Women and Geography Study Group of the IBG Technological Hazards. D. J. Zeigler , J. H. Johnson , S. D. Brunn     

Using Climber's Guidebooks to Assess Rock Fall Patterns Over Large Spatial and Decadal Temporal Scales: An Example from the Swiss Alps

High‐mountain geomorphic processes enjoy increasing scientific and societal interest. This is because these processes are perceived to be changing more than elsewhere and because their effects on infrastructure and tourism are significant. Rock fall is among the processes that receive most attention due to its presumed intimate relation with permafrost, which is widely degrading. However, over decadal temporal scales and for entire mountain ranges, there is very limited information on the changes in frequency and location of rock fall. This hampers our understanding. Here, I assess the value of information contained in a 146‐year record of climber's guidebooks of the Bernese Alps in Switzerland to derive changes in rock fall danger. The results show that guidebooks’ authors, themselves experienced climbers, perceived increases in rates and changes in positions of rock fall. The increases were mainly reported since the year 2000. It appears that datasets derived from guidebooks can provide valuable context for more detailed, higher resolution data sources.     

珠穆朗玛峰登山气象条件分析

利用珠穆朗玛峰地区定日气象站1959—2009年气象探测资料,分析了珠穆朗玛峰地区的降水、气温、高空风等气象要素变化特征并重点总结珠穆朗玛峰地区主要登山期(春季)成功登顶的天气、气候背景及大气环流形势。结果表明,5月500 hPa环流中高纬度为宽广的低值区,乌拉尔山地区基本维持长波槽或低值中心,咸海—里海和贝加尔湖附近多存在脊区;伊朗高压偏北且东伸至印度半岛,印度副热带高压与咸海、里海附近高压脊同位相叠加且北抬加强,西太平洋副热带高压维持在中南半岛以西;孟加拉湾、印度半岛低槽或低压中心建立,高原南部南支槽不明显;东亚大槽偏强、偏东。对应西藏高原和珠穆朗玛峰地区降水偏弱等特征,5月是攀登珠穆朗玛峰的最佳时机,且20时至凌晨之间更适合登顶。     

Fann 50SL流变仪测试高粘流体爬杆问题的机理研究及解决方法

Fann 50SL高温高压流变仪作为经典的钻井液流变性能测试仪器,为高温钻井液体系的研发发挥了巨大的作用。但采用原装的Fann 50SL流变仪做高粘流体的流变性能测试时,发现流体容易出现爬杆的现象,这个问题会导致测试数据不准确,实验的重复性较差,甚至会由于上爬的样品污染外转筒轴承,导致轴承锈死和驱动电机烧毁的严重问题。通过分析这类流体的流动特性和Fann 50SL的测量原理,找出了影响高粘流体测试数据准确性的原因,并据此设计了2款防爬杆结构,实际安装在Fann 50SL流变仪上使用后,有效地解决了高粘流体的爬杆问题。