Reflections on the current state of global climate response

What is the significance of the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali? The formal outcomes, especially the ‘Bali Action Plan’, are described and commented on, along with the challenges for negotiating a post-2012 agreement in Copenhagen during 2008 and 2009. The article concludes that the outcome of the Bali meeting is insufficient when compared to the nature of the challenge posed by climate change. However, it can nevertheless be considered a success in terms of ‘Realpolitik’ in paving the way for the negotiations ahead, because some real changes have been discerned in the political landscape. The challenges for the road towards Copenhagen are manifold: the sheer volume and complexity of the issues and the far-reaching nature of decisions such as differentiation between non- Annex I countries pose significant challenges in themselves, while the dependency on the electoral process in the USA introduces a high element of risk into the whole process. The emergence of social justice as an issue turns climate policy into an endeavour to improve the world at large—thereby adding to the complexity. And, finally, the biggest challenge is the recognition that the climate problem requires a global solution, that Annex I and non-Annex I countries are mutually dependent on each other and that only cooperation regarding technology in combination with significant financial support will provide the chance to successfully tackle climate change.     

A CER discounting scheme could save climate change regime after 2012

We can generate a net global GHG emission reduction from developing countries (in an UNFCCC term, non-Annex 1 Parties) without imposing targets on them, if we discount CERs generated from CDM projects. The CER discounting scheme means that a part or all of CDM credits, i.e., CERs, made by developing countries through unilateral CDM projects will be retired rather than sold to developed countries to increase their emissions. It is not feasible to impose certain forms of target (whether sectoral or intensity targets) on non-Annex 1 whose emission trend is hard to predict and whose industrial structure is undergoing a rapid change.

Instead of imposing targets (a command and control approach), we should apply market instruments in generating a net global emission reduction from non-Annex 1. Since April 2005 when the first unilateral CDM was approved by the CDM Executive Board, CDM has been functioning as a market mechanism to provide incentives for developing countries to initiate their own emission reduction projects. As CDM is the only market mechanism engaging developing countries in the Kyoto Protocol, we should try to re-design CDM so that it can generate net global emission reductions by introducing the idea of discounting CERs. But in order to produce meaningful GHG emission reductions by discounting CERs, the project scope of CDM has to be expanded by relaxing project additionality criteria while maintaining strict technical additionality criteria. Agreeing on the CERs Discounting Scheme will have a better political chance than agreeing on imposing emission reduction targets on developing countries.     

2012年广东省前汛期气候特点及其成因初步分析

2012年前汛期(4～6月),我省平均气温较常年偏高0.9℃,降水量较常年偏多13.2%。前汛期主要气候特点表现在:4月降水异常偏多71.4%,5月下旬至6月中旬的龙舟水明显偏少,强对流天气频发,热带气旋影响偏早、总体灾情轻。大气环流仍然表现为对前期结束的拉尼娜事件的滞后响应,西太平洋副高强度偏弱、面积偏小、西伸脊点偏东,有利于北方弱冷空气南下与异常旺盛的西南暖湿气流在华南地区汇合,是前汛期内降水偏多的主要原因。     

北大别造山后伸展期中-下地壳流动形式数值模拟研究

造山后伸展过程中,深部地壳的变形形式反映深部岩石圈的构造活动方式,是造山后伸展深部动力学研究的主要内容。本次工作以大别造山带造山后伸展变形构造为研究对象,在详细的构造观察和组构分析基础上,以实际变形组构为约束开展数值模拟,系统地研究伸展变形构造在垂向剖面上岩石变形机制的空间分布,进而揭示大别造山带造山后伸展过程中深部地壳的变形形式。野外观察表明,北大别穹隆边缘区域拉伸线理优选方位显著,而到穹隆中部拉伸线理定向性减弱,再到穹隆核部线理定向性有所增强。运动学上,北大别穹隆内呈现了一致的上盘向NW的剪切指向。以此为约束的数值模拟研究表明,大别造山带造山后伸展期中-下地壳流动方式总体上是介于透入性简单剪切形式与纯剪切形式之间的组合形式;垂直剖面上呈现为由上、下边界向中心简单剪切分量显著降低,中-下地壳流变带中部以纯剪切变形为主。我们用造山带加厚地壳的韧性垮塌和深俯冲的太平洋板块"后撤"来解释其动力学来源。     

Sediments Quality Assessment of Jacarepaguá Lagoon: The Venue of the 2011 Rock in Rio

In order to aid in the efforts of the 2016 Olympic Games, the organizers of 2011 Rock in Rio decided to build a permanent venue next to the Olympic Park. The area is problematic from the geotechnical point of view since it presents soils with low shear strength, low permeability, and high plasticity, so major soil improvement works were carried out. Bored soil–cement columns were placed to increase soil shear strength and reduce compressibility. A meter thick fill composed of gneiss residual soil was placed and trenches were digged to drain rainwater. However, earlier studies conducted on Jacarepaguá Lagoon have detected the presence of heavy metals in these sediments. In this study, an environmental survey on the Jacarepaguá Lagoon sediments took place in order to choose a place where its sediments could be dredged to be later used in the drainage facilities. The results indicated areas where the threshold level 1 (low probability of adverse effects) issued by the general procedures for sediments quality assessments for dredging purposes, Resolution no 344 of the Brazilian Federal Government, was surpassed. Levels above the limits established for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) were detected. Based on this consideration the State Environmental Agency issued a permit allowing the organizers of 2011 Rock in Rio to dredge an area close to City of Rock in order to obtain coarse sediments for the drainage facilities. In addition, it was found that those sediments were ideal for this application since their hydraulic conductivity is on the order of 10^?2 cm/s.     

Assessment of SARAL-ALTIKA Tidal Corrections in the Coastal Oceans Around India

The present tidal correction of sea level records of Satellite with ARgoes and ALtimeter (SARAL) is based on the finite element solution (FES) of global tide model FES2012 tidal solution. In this study, we examined the validity of the tidal corrections in the coastal oceans around India using tide gauge measurements and a regional tidal model. Our regional model is based on the barotropic version of the Princeton Ocean Model that is forced by the time-varying tidal levels at the open ocean end based on the global FES99 tidal solution. Tide charts prepared from the simulated tidal levels are very similar to the FES tidal solutions. Comparison with the tide gauge measurement shows close agreement with the regional tidal solutions. On the other hand, the agreement with the FES tide models differ significantly in the Gulf of Khambhat and the Gulf of Kutch on the northwest, and in the Hooghly estuary on the northeast continental shelf. However, the agreement is exceptional in other parts of the study domain. These tidal solutions are used in the SARAL-ALTIKA X-track data to assess the FES tidal correction and to draw some inferences associated with the coastal processes. It is revealed that these corrections are reasonably accurate for the coastal oceans around India except the aforementioned converging channels.     

2012年全球发现的新矿物种

本文对2012年度全球发现并经国际矿物学协会(IMA)新矿物与矿物分类命名专业委员会(CNMNC)批准的90个新矿物种资料进行了系统梳理,从矿物名称、晶体化学式、晶系和空间群、晶胞参数、主要粉晶衍射数据、物理性质、光学性质、产地与产状、与其他矿物种的关系、矿物名称来源、化学反应和光谱学特征等方面归纳总结了这些新矿物的重要矿物学特征,并按照中国新矿物及矿物命名委员会颁布的《矿物种汉名审订条例》,对90个新矿物种的中文名称进行了审订。通过分批次公布国际新矿物工作的新进展和新成果,并逐步完善和规范矿物种中文译名体系,可以为我国新矿物的发现和研究提供有科学价值的参考和借鉴,并不断推进矿物种中文译名的规范化与标准化进程。     

高温高压下Mg2SiO4-MgAlO4体系相变的实验研究

采用多顶砧高压实验装置研究了Mg2SiO4-MgAl2O4体系在压力为22 GPa,温度为1550～1750℃条件下的相变,并考查了Al2O3在γ相中的固溶度.结果表明,随着体系中MgAl2O4组分含量的增加,相组合发生了变化,依次为γ相+镁铝硅酸盐固溶体+方镁石→镁铝硅酸盐固溶体+方镁石→镁铝硅酸盐固溶体+方镁石+刚玉固溶体;镁铝硅酸盐固溶体具有石榴子石结构,其化学成分随着体系中共存相的改变而有所变化;Al2O3在γ相中的固溶度很低(其重量百分比＜0.8%),因此,在Mg2SiO4-MgAl2O4体系中Al2O3可能对γ相超尖晶石分解转变的压力不会有很大的影响.     

甘肃北山南带沙枣园复式岩体年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

北山南带沙枣园复式岩体由中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩、细粒黑云母石英闪长岩、中粒黑云母二长花岗岩和中粗粒黑云母正长花岗岩4个岩相单元组成。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩、细粒黑云母石英闪长岩和中粒黑云母二长花岗岩侵位于晚二叠世(252.1±1.9Ma、252.2±2.1Ma和248.8±3.5Ma),为海西晚期的产物;而中粗粒黑云母正长花岗岩侵位于早三叠世(246.4±2.0Ma),为印支早期的产物。该花岗质岩石均具有稀土元素的球粒陨石标准化配分曲线呈右倾型,轻重稀土分馏大,轻稀土富集且分异明显,而重稀土亏损且分异不显著特征。中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩和细粒黑云母石英闪长岩具有较高的SiO_2、Al_2O_3和Na_2O含量,以及较低的MgO含量,强烈富集Sr而亏损Yb和Y,具轻微的铕异常(δEu=0.75～1.16),表现出典型的埃达克岩特征;中粒黑云母二长花岗岩和中粗粒黑云母正长花岗岩总体富硅(SiO_2)、富钾(K_2O)、富碱(K_2O+Na_2O),Al_2O_3含量中等,铕分别呈现负异常(δEu=0.45～0.73)和强负异常(δEu=0.02～0.08)。年代学及地球化学特征研究表明:①中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩和细粒黑云母石英闪长岩属准铝质-弱过铝质的钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩,并具有典型的埃达克岩特征,中粒黑云母二长花岗岩属弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩,中粗粒黑云母正长花岗岩属弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性A2型花岗岩;②中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩、细粒黑云母石英闪长岩和中粒黑云母二长花岗岩的岩浆来源于下地壳玄武质岩石部分熔融源区,并在上升过程中混染了下地壳物质,而中粗粒黑云母正长花岗岩的岩浆来源于年轻地壳中富含黑云母的变质泥岩部分熔融源区;③中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩、细粒黑云母石英闪长岩和中粒黑云母二长花岗岩是俯冲-碰撞构造背景条件下的岩浆产物,而中粗粒黑云母正长花岗岩是同碰撞-碰撞后构造背景条件下的岩浆产物。     

班怒成矿带中段雄梅地区碰撞后含铜岩浆岩类型、时代及成因

雄梅地区位于西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带中段申扎县,区内分布有舍索矽卡岩型铜多金属矿,雄梅斑岩型铜钼矿,以及桑日、苦嘎矽卡岩铜矿点,相应地发育多套含铜岩浆岩。本文通过系统的锆石U- Pb年龄、全岩Pb同位素及岩石地球化学分析,厘定了这些含铜岩浆岩的时代和成因类型。初步查明它们先后形成于约110Ma(舍索,雄梅,苦嘎)和80Ma(桑日)两个岩浆活动阶段。雄梅地区岩浆活动的时代及源区具有明显的后碰撞阶段特征,其中雄梅矿区的含矿花岗闪长斑岩具高铝、钙碱性特征,为由泥砂质沉积岩生成的S型花岗岩。舍索、桑日、苦嘎矿区的含矿岩体均为I型,显示原岩为火成岩。岩石地球化学表明这些含矿岩体富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Sr、Th、Pb),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti),显示出俯冲沉积物组分对岩浆形成产生过重要影响。在早白垩世时期,俯冲板片断离,大量的软流圈物质上涌并参与岩浆活动,促使上地壳组分熔融,携带大量成矿元素形成含矿岩浆岩,在近地表形成雄梅、舍索及桑日矿床;晚白垩世时期,加厚的岩石圈在重力作用下拆沉,减薄的岩石圈在上涌地幔的底侵作用下发生熔融,形成桑日矿床。