闽中渔场的温、盐跃层分布与亚硝酸盐的层化现象

本文根据1982—1983年闽中渔场鱼类资源调查的资料,分析了本海区温、盐度跃层的强度及分布特征.结果表明:闽江口断面和平潭断面存在较强的跃层.温跃层一般出现在夏季.温跃层的强度可高达0.50℃/m,出现在牛山岛附近(水深10—20m).盐跃层一般出现在春季.盐跃层的强度可高达1.03/m,出现在闽江口白犬岛附近(水深0—10m).5月份处于丰水期,流量较大的闽江水排入海洋。由于其盐度低、比重小而浮于海水的上层,形成盐跃层现象.盐跃层最常出现的海区是在牛山岛附近.文中还探讨了闽中渔场的亚硝酸盐层化现象.3—8月,亚硝酸盐含量在水深0—20m层均较低,20m至底层含量则大幅度升高,亦出现明显的分层现象.     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震在四川地区的前兆异常效应

对昆仑口西8.1级地震发生前后四川地区地震前兆监测台网的测值曲线进行了系统的清理，发现存在有明显的孕震效应和震时效应，异常效应的幅度很大，容易鉴别，这对人类认识特大地震的影响场很有意义。     

Interpretation of charging on fracture or frictional slip surface of rocks

Fracturing and frictional sliding of quartz and granite under dry condition generates fractoluminescence, charged particle emission and electromagnetic radiation. Various kinds of experiments indicate that surface charge density on fracture or frictional slip surface of quartz and granite is 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻² C/m² which is larger than bound charges induced by the disappearance of piezoelectricity due to the release of stress. Hole and electron trapping centers, which is found in semiconductor devices with the Si–SiO₂ system, are causes of surface charging on fracture or frictional slip surface of quartz crystal. The quantity of the surface charge is enough to cause corona discharge that can generate earthquake lights. The mechanism considering the hole and electron trapping centers has a probability to explain why non-piezoelectric minerals or rocks generate electromagnetic phenomena. It can be one of origins of seismo-electromagnetic phenomena (SEP).     

2002年四川凉山州地区大规模宏观异常及其分析

2002年5月下旬，四川省凉山州地区中小地震活动明显增强，同时5月底开始出现宏观异常，显现出发生较大地震的危险性。为此有关部门组织了震情短临跟踪，笔者参加了相关的现场工作，亲身感受到大规模“异常”的出现与发展，然而预测中的地震并没有发生。本文较为系统地介绍了异常现象，分析了异常特征，讨论了异常意义。     

关于在地震预报中遇到的几个问题的探讨

地震台站工作人员 ,在进行观测资料分析、地震预报研究过程中 ,往往会遇到的几个问题 :1、手段单一 ,对于前兆现象无法全面表述。 2、如何识别异常与地震之间的关系。 3、如何兼顾点和面的关系。     

降水现象仪观测应用评估

利用2017年9月至2018年8月北京20个站降水现象仪采集数据与人工平行观测数据,对降水现象仪进行了对比评估。结果表明:降水现象仪的缺测率为0.01%,空报率为0.6%,捕获率为93.5%,漏报率为27.9%,错报率为10.0%。从统计结果可知,降水现象仪的缺测率、空报率较低,捕获率较高,体现出设备性能良好的一面,漏报率和错报率偏高,表明设备漏识别和错误识别的情况较多,漏报主要发生在弱降水过程中,错报主要出现在毛毛雨的识别上。设备测量和人工观测降水开始时间一致性较好,终止时间一致性偏差;降水现象仪现存问题:在大雨强时易出现雨滴叠加误识别,在小雨强时识别率会降低,在无降水错误输出降水现象方面缺少质控。     

地磁台站建设中磁测异常现象分析

地磁台建设磁性跟踪测试工作很重要,通过对跟踪磁测中发现的一个异常现象的分析,计算了不同重量、距离的铁磁性物质对磁房建筑场地磁场的影响,讨论了排除施工现场磁性干扰的一些办法,并得出各种重量铁磁性物质与磁房建筑物的安全距离,还讨论了地磁台部分建筑材料的选择问题。     

Trophic modeling of the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem, Part II: Elucidating ecosystem dynamics from 1995 to 2004 with a focus on the impact of ENSO

The Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem is one of the most productive in the world in terms of fish production. Its location near to the equator permits strong upwelling under relatively low winds, thus creating optimal conditions for the development of plankton communities. These communities ultimately support abundant populations of grazing fish such as the Peruvian anchoveta, Engraulis ringens. The ecosystem is also subject to strong inter-annual environmental variability associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which has major effects on nutrient structure, primary production, and higher trophic levels. Here our objective is to model the contributions of several external drivers (i.e. reconstructed phytoplankton changes, fish immigration, and fishing rate) and internal control mechanisms (i.e. predator-prey) to ecosystem dynamics over an ENSO cycle. Steady-state models and time-series data from the Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) from 1995 to 2004 provide the base data for simulations conducted with the program Ecopath with Ecosim. In simulations all three external drivers contribute to ecosystem dynamics. Changes in phytoplankton quantity and composition (i.e. contribution of diatoms and dino- and silicoflagellates), as affected by upwelling intensity, were important in dynamics of the El Niño of 1997–98 and the subsequent 3 years. The expansion and immigration of mesopelagic fish populations during El Niño was important for dynamics in following years. Fishing rate changes were the most important of the three external drivers tested, helping to explain observed dynamics throughout the modeled period, and particularly during the post-El Niño period. Internal control settings show a mix of predator–prey control settings; however a “wasp-waist” control of the ecosystem by small pelagic fish is not supported.     

1997–1998 El Niño off Peru: A numerical study

An eddy-resolving numerical simulation for the Peru–Chile system between 1993 and 2000 is analyzed, mainly for the 1997–1998 El Niño. Atmospheric and lateral oceanic forcings are realistic and contain a wide range of scales from days to interannual. The solution is validated against altimetric observations and the few in situ observations available. The simulated 1997–1998 El Niño closely resembles the real 1997–1998 El Niño in its time sequence of events. The two well-marked, sea-level peaks in May–June and November–December 1997 are reproduced with amplitudes close to those observed. Other sub-periods of the El Niño seem to be captured adequately. Simple dynamical analyses are performed to explain the 1997–1998 evolution of the upwelling in the model. The intensity of the upwelling appears to be determined by an interplay between alongshore, poleward advection (related to coastal trapped waves) and wind intensity, but also by the cross-shore geostrophic flow and distribution of the water masses on a scale of 1000 km or more (involving Rossby waves westward propagation and advection from equatorial currents). In particular, the delay of upwelling recovery until fall 1998 (i.e., well after the second El Niño peak) is partly due to the persistent advection of offshore stratified water toward the coast of Peru. Altimetry data suggest that these interpretations of the numerical solution also apply to the real ocean.     

岩石圈地震前兆异常机制

对于电磁卫星所观测到的地震震前电磁异常现象的机制,即电磁异常如何从岩石圈穿过大气层耦合到电离层及其以上空间,目前仍是尚未解决的问题.本文主要介绍目前大量有关地震岩石圈异常的机制研究,力图从卫星地震电磁异常的源头—岩石圈地震来获得相关认识.岩石圈地震前兆异常包括：地表变形、水位变化、悬浮薄雾、超低频（ULF）电磁异常、山脊或山顶发光闪电、卫星红外图片大范围数度温度异常、磁场高于地磁偶极场的0.5%、电离层等离子体密度变化、动物奇异行为等.人们提出了许多试图解释各种异常现象的假说,如热耦合假说、气泡运移假说、边界位错充电假说、离子空穴运移假说等.本文希望通过对以上各种假说提出的基础、物理机理以及异常现象解释的探讨,促进对岩石圈地震前兆异常现象机理认识,从而为地震电磁异常的正确认识提供更有力的帮助.