全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3175篇 |
免费 | 702篇 |
国内免费 | 1197篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 161篇 |
大气科学 | 1615篇 |
地球物理 | 941篇 |
地质学 | 851篇 |
海洋学 | 665篇 |
天文学 | 70篇 |
综合类 | 153篇 |
自然地理 | 618篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 34篇 |
2023年 | 58篇 |
2022年 | 121篇 |
2021年 | 172篇 |
2020年 | 143篇 |
2019年 | 171篇 |
2018年 | 152篇 |
2017年 | 171篇 |
2016年 | 205篇 |
2015年 | 198篇 |
2014年 | 228篇 |
2013年 | 276篇 |
2012年 | 240篇 |
2011年 | 224篇 |
2010年 | 178篇 |
2009年 | 224篇 |
2008年 | 233篇 |
2007年 | 288篇 |
2006年 | 240篇 |
2005年 | 191篇 |
2004年 | 186篇 |
2003年 | 156篇 |
2002年 | 143篇 |
2001年 | 120篇 |
2000年 | 108篇 |
1999年 | 80篇 |
1998年 | 96篇 |
1997年 | 84篇 |
1996年 | 86篇 |
1995年 | 65篇 |
1994年 | 47篇 |
1993年 | 36篇 |
1992年 | 26篇 |
1991年 | 17篇 |
1990年 | 20篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 19篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有5074条查询结果,搜索用时 734 毫秒
1.
Forests in the Southeastern United States are predicted to experience future changes in seasonal patterns of precipitation inputs as well as more variable precipitation events. These climate change‐induced alterations could increase drought and lower soil water availability. Drought could alter rooting patterns and increase the importance of deep roots that access subsurface water resources. To address plant response to drought in both deep rooting and soil water utilization as well as soil drainage, we utilize a throughfall reduction experiment in a loblolly pine plantation of the Southeastern United States to calibrate and validate a hydrological model. The model was accurately calibrated against field measured soil moisture data under ambient rainfall and validated using 30% throughfall reduction data. Using this model, we then tested these scenarios: (a) evenly reduced precipitation; (b) less precipitation in summer, more in winter; (c) same total amount of precipitation with less frequent but heavier storms; and (d) shallower rooting depth under the above 3 scenarios. When less precipitation was received, drainage decreased proportionally much faster than evapotranspiration implying plants will acquire water first to the detriment of drainage. When precipitation was reduced by more than 30%, plants relied on stored soil water to satisfy evapotranspiration suggesting 30% may be a threshold that if sustained over the long term would deplete plant available soil water. Under the third scenario, evapotranspiration and drainage decreased, whereas surface run‐off increased. Changes in root biomass measured before and 4 years after the throughfall reduction experiment were not detected among treatments. Model simulations, however, indicated gains in evapotranspiration with deeper roots under evenly reduced precipitation and seasonal precipitation redistribution scenarios but not when precipitation frequency was adjusted. Deep soil and deep rooting can provide an important buffer capacity when precipitation alone cannot satisfy the evapotranspirational demand of forests. How this buffering capacity will persist in the face of changing precipitation inputs, however, will depend less on seasonal redistribution than on the magnitude of reductions and changes in rainfall frequency. 相似文献
2.
Subsurface flow measurements using passive flux meters in variably-saturated cold-regions landscapes
To date, passive flux meters have predominantly been applied in temperate environments for tracking the movement of contaminants in groundwater. This study applies these instruments to reduce uncertainty in (typically instantaneous) flux measurements made in a low-gradient, wetland dominated, discontinuous permafrost environment. This method supports improved estimation of unsaturated and over-winter subsurface flows which are very difficult to quantify using hydraulic gradient-based approaches. Improved subsurface flow estimates can play a key role in understanding the water budget of this landscape. 相似文献
3.
Garett Pignotti Indrajeet Chaubey Keith Cherkauer Mark Williams Melba Crawford 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14034
Soil water dynamics are central in linking and regulating natural cycles in ecohydrology, however, mathematical representation of soil water processes in models is challenging given the complexity of these interactions. To assess the impacts of soil water simulation approaches on various model outputs, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool was modified to accommodate an alternative soil water percolation method and tested at two geographically and climatically distinct, instrumented watersheds in the United States. Soil water was evaluated at the site scale via measured observations, and hydrologic and biophysical outputs were analysed at the watershed scale. Results demonstrated an improved Kling–Gupta Efficiency of up to 0.3 and a reduction in percent bias from 5 to 25% at the site scale, when soil water percolation was changed from a threshold, bucket-based approach to an alternative approach based on variable hydraulic conductivity. The primary difference between the approaches was attributed to the ability to simulate soil water content above field capacity for successive days; however, regardless of the approach, a lack of site-specific characterization of soil properties by the soils database at the site scale was found to severely limit the analysis. Differences in approach led to a regime shift in percolation from a few, high magnitude events to frequent, low magnitude events. At the watershed scale, the variable hydraulic conductivity-based approach reduced average annual percolation by 20–50 mm, directly impacting the water balance and subsequently biophysical predictions. For instance, annual denitrification increased by 14–24 kg/ha for the new approach. Overall, the study demonstrates the need for continued efforts to enhance soil water model representation for improving biophysical process simulations. 相似文献
4.
Images from satellite platforms are a valid aid in order to obtain distributed information about hydrological surface states and parameters needed in calibration and validation of the water balance and flood forecasting. Remotely sensed data are easily available on large areas and with a frequency compatible with land cover changes. In this paper, remotely sensed images from different types of sensor have been utilized as a support to the calibration of the distributed hydrological model MOBIDIC, currently used in the experimental system of flood forecasting of the Arno River Basin Authority. Six radar images from ERS‐2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors (three for summer 2002 and three for spring–summer 2003) have been utilized and a relationship between soil saturation indexes and backscatter coefficient from SAR images has been investigated. Analysis has been performed only on pixels with meagre or no vegetation cover, in order to legitimize the assumption that water content of the soil is the main variable that influences the backscatter coefficient. Such pixels have been obtained by considering vegetation indexes (NDVI) and land cover maps produced by optical sensors (Landsat‐ETM). In order to calibrate the soil moisture model based on information provided by SAR images, an optimization algorithm has been utilized to minimize the regression error between saturation indexes from model and SAR data and error between measured and modelled discharge flows. Utilizing this procedure, model parameters that rule soil moisture fluxes have been calibrated, obtaining not only a good match with remotely sensed data, but also an enhancement of model performance in flow prediction with respect to a previous calibration with river discharge data only. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
This paper proposes a multi‐level parallelized substructuring–frontal combined algorithm for the analysis of the problem of thermo/hydraulic/mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soil. Temperature, displacement, pore water pressure and pore air pressure are treated as the primary variables in a non‐linear analysis. Details are given firstly of the substructuring–frontal combined approach. The incorporation of the algorithm in a multi‐level parallel strategy is then discussed. The parallel processing can thus be carried out at different substructural levels. The method thus developed impacts, in a positive way, on both computer storage requirement and execution time. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Pco2 of air and seawater samples from the East China Sea(ECS) were measured in situ in autumn, 1994,Ocean currents,terrestrial fluviation,biological activities,etc.,Pco2 char-acters in air and seawater were investigated,CO2 flux and its character in the East China Sea are discussed on the basis of the Pco2 profiles of air and seawater,It was clear that the nearshore was the source of CO2;and tht the oulter sea area was the sink of CO2; and that the shelf area of the EXS is a net sink for atmospheric CO2 in autumn. 相似文献
7.
M. J. Carson J. C. Davies E. Daw R. J. Hollingworth V. A. Kudryavtsev T. B. Lawson P. K. Lightfoot J. E. McMillan B. Morgan S. M. Paling M. Robinson N. J. C. Spooner D. R. Tovey 《Astroparticle Physics》2004,21(6):667-687
Simulations of the neutron background for future large-scale particle dark matter detectors are presented. Neutrons were generated in rock and detector elements via spontaneous fission and (α,n) reactions, and by cosmic-ray muons. The simulation techniques and results are discussed in the context of the expected sensitivity of a generic liquid xenon dark matter detector. Methods of neutron background suppression are investigated. A sensitivity of 10−9–10−10 pb to WIMP-nucleon interactions can be achieved by a tonne-scale detector. 相似文献
8.
Wang Yanhui 《水文研究》1992,6(2):241-251
Black locust (Robina pseudoacacia) has become one of the most important shelter species in the loess area of northwest China. This paper summarizes recent research concerning its hydrological influence, including canopy interception, litter absorption capacity, its effect on rainfall kinetic energy, infiltration rates, surface runoff, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration, and its role in soil conservation. Several predictive models are listed. on the basis of existing results, optimum characteristics for an effective plantation are defined, and problems requiring further research are identified. 相似文献
9.
X. Bai T.K. Gaisser A. Karle K. Rawlins G.M. Spiczak Todor Stanev 《Astroparticle Physics》2006,25(6):361-367
The muon flux at the South Pole was measured for five zenith angles, 0°, 15°, 35°, 82.13° and 85.15° with a scintillator muon telescope incorporating ice Cherenkov tank detectors as the absorber. We compare the measurements with other data and with calculations. 相似文献
10.
潮湿环境下古代土遗址的原位保护加固研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
古遗址的保护是文物保护工作中最复杂的问题之一,而土质文物是文物保护中最难保护的文物,所以古代土遗址的保护已在国际上被列为专门的保护项目,而处于潮湿环境下的古代土遗址保护的课题在文化遗产实物和遗迹就地保存和展示领域就更为迫切。浙江良渚文化是中国新石器时代长江流域最重要的史前文化, 塘山遗址位于良渚文化遗址的西北部,选择了PS(硅酸钾)、WD-10(十二烷基三甲氧基硅烷)、WD-S(低聚甲氧基硅烷)、RTV(聚有机硅氧烷+硅酸乙酯)4种保护材料对塘山遗址进行了保护加固实验研究。室内实验和现场实验(2个月,6个月,9个月)的结果都表明,RTV和WD-10防水性优于WD-S,WD-10和WD-S材料仅能作为防水材料,PS材料仅能作为加固材料使用,而RTV则具有较好的加固和防水效果,且加样量越大,强度提高越多。 相似文献