起伏地表地震波场角度域照明分析

角度域照明可以更加细致地对地下复杂地质体进行照明分析。提出了一种适用于起伏地表条件下的角度域照明分析方法,其主要过程是利用局部倾斜叠加技术分解波场,对起伏地表处采用加权函数判定局部时窗内的振幅包络位置,以区分其位于地表之上或之下;并引入相似系数函数计算反假频局部平面波场,根据局部斜率与平面波场入射角关系,得到局部角度域地震波场;根据帕斯瓦尔等式下的时间-角度域照明关系式,计算得出角度域照明强度。通过起伏地表高速侵入矿体模型试算,得到给定观测系统下角度域照明强度与地下分析点照明随炮点、波场入射角的变化关系。此方法可用于起伏地表条件的观测系统优化、叠前AVA分析等方面。     

Reciprocality between biology and geology: Reconstructing polar Gondwana

The reciprocal nature of the relationship between historical geology (reconstruction models) and biology (constructing phylogenies) is discussed and the conceptual basis of such a relationship is examined through its historical development. Examples to illustrate aspects of the relationship are drawn from the Cretaceous breakup of polar Gondwana and the Cenozoic history of some of the resultant microcontinental fragments. A new mid-Cretaceous (circa 100 Ma) rift zone, separating the west Gondwanan Campbell Plateau, southern New Zealand, from the east Gondwanan Melanesian Rift is proposed, and biological and geological evidence for it is presented and discussed. It is also suggested that the Bounty Trough, Chatham Rise, and Hikurangi Plateau unit is incorrectly placed in reconstruction models, and it should be fitted outboard of the Melanesian Rift until its mid-Cenozoic attachment to the Campbell Plateau. It is concluded that both reconstruction modelling and phylogenetic analyses have much to gain through ‘reciprocal illumination’.     

逆时偏移双向照明波场分离成像条件

通过对波场分离互相关成像条件与炮-检点双向照明互相关成像条件进行研究,将两种方法在噪声消除和补偿成像振幅畸变方面的优势进行结合,提高成像分辨率,改进现有成像条件。其主要步骤是将震源和检波点波场分离成它们的单程波传播分量,采用双向照明补偿互相关成像条件对需要的波场进行成像。通过对模型试算,验证了笔者提出的成像条件能有效的压制噪音,补偿成像振幅。     

海洋三维VC观测系统优化设计

观测系统设计在地震勘探中起着至关重要的作用,最佳观测系统不仅可以提高资料品质,还能够降低采集成本。通过对海洋垂直缆（vertical cable,VC）进行正演模拟我们发现,随着偏移距的增大,同相轴会出现交叉、合并现象,地层顺序也会发生变化。我们针对单VC和多VC的特点,分别设计了相应的观测系统。然后对所设计的观测系统进行评价与优化,并得出了一些有益的结论：采用增加激发点密度的方法对面元覆盖次数的改善效果要好于采用增加激发面积的方法对面元覆盖次数的改善效果;当目标层存在倾角时,通过在构造走向上增加激发线条数,同时在下倾方向上增加激发线长度可以补偿照明损失;当目标层为背斜或向斜时,通过增大最大环半径来增加背斜和向斜照明范围的方法奏效甚微;当激发面积和接收面积相等时,通过同时增大激发面积和接收面积来提高中心区域面元覆盖次数的方法行不通,而当激发面积大于接收面积时则该问题得以解决。     

相控震源定向地震波信号分析

应用可控震源地震勘探,当环境噪声很强,采用组合震源工作仍不能满足信噪比要求时,引入能形成定向地震波的相控震源.由相控震源定向照明地震理论分析,主波束方向上3单元相控震源产生的反射地震波信号信噪比比单震源高6.53~9.54 dB,比组合震源高1.76~4.77dB.为研究相控地震实际效果,在同一测区进行了三种震源地震对比实验.由单炮地震记录和水平叠加时间剖面可知,相控震源反射波信号信噪比明显高于单震源情况,略高于组合震源情况.进一步对反射波信号功率谱特性做定量分析,得到如下结果：与单震源情况相比,相控震源使各道反射波信号信噪比提高了0.75~8.15 dB,平均提高3.65 dB;与组合震源情况相比,各道信噪比提高了0.93~3.17 dB,平均提高2.02 dB,实验结果与理论分析吻合.综上所述可知,基于相控震源的定向照明地震技术是可行的,可以有效提高地震信号的信噪比.     

A hyperspectral experiment over tropical forests based on the EO-1 orbit change and PROSAIL simulation

ABSTRACT

We designed a unique hyperspectral experiment from the Earth Observing One (EO-1) orbit change to evaluate solar illumination effects over tropical forests in Brazil. Ten nadir-viewing Hyperion images collected over a fixed site and period of the year (July to August) were selected for analysis. We evaluated variations in reflectance and in 16 narrowband vegetation indices (VIs) with increasing solar zenith angle (SZA) from the pre-drift (2004–2008) to the EO-1 drift period (2011–2016). To detect changes in reflectance and shadows, we applied spectral mixture analysis (SMA) and principal component analysis (PCA) and calculated the similarity spectral angle (θ) between the vegetation spectra measured with variable SZA. The magnitude of the illumination effects was also evaluated from change-point analysis and nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests applied over the time series. Finally, we complemented our experiment using the PROSAIL model to simulate the VIs variation with increasing SZA resultant from satellite drift. The results showed significant changes in Hyperion reflectance and VIs, especially when the EO-1 crossed the study area at earlier times and larger SZA in 2015 (9:05 a.m.; SZA = 59°) and 2016 (8:30 a.m.; SZA = 67°). Compared to the pre-drift period (10:30 a.m.; SZA = 45°), the SZA differences of 14° (2015) and 22° (2016) increased the shade fractions and decreased the vegetation brightness. PCA separated the pre-drift and drift reflectance datasets, showing shifts in scores due to changes in brightness. θ increased with SZA, indicating changes in the shape of the vegetation spectra with drift. For most VIs, the change-point analysis indicated 2015 (SZA = 59°) as the predominant year of detected changes. Compared to the EO-1 original orbit, the Plant Senescence Reflectance Index (PSRI), Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (ARI) and Structure Insensitive Pigment Index (SIPI) presented the largest positive changes during drift, while the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) had the largest negative changes. The effect size of the illumination geometry on these VIs was large, as indicated by increasing values of the Cohen’s r metric toward 2016. The anisotropy of the Hyperion VIs was generally consistent with that from PROSAIL in the simulated pre-drift and drift periods. Focusing on structural indices, it affected the relationships between VIs and simulated leaf area index (LAI) at large SZA.     

地学三维模型光照与动态显示

介绍了一种具有真实感的地学三维模型光照显示的新方法,给出了三角网构建和曲面样条函数插值方法,讨论了适应三维模型光照显示的可见性测试、光照模型等算法和方法,实现了模型动态显示和剖面绘制。     

中华绒螯蟹幼蟹蜕壳的生态学观察

本文对河蟹幼蟹蜕壳过程及蜕壳后的特征进行了比较详细的观察,并初步探讨了蜕壳与光照、温度及生境的关系对于0.5-2g的幼蟹,蜕壳期大约需要3-6h,软壳期需要2h,薄壳期需要15h．幼蟹特别喜欢选择有草的生境作为蜕壳地点,也喜欢在池塘浅水区蜕壳,但是在2m以内水深对蜕壳成功率没有影响．蜕壳存在明显的昼夜节律,白天蜕壳的数量显著高干夜间(F(1.30)=13.4,P=0.0009),蜕壳高峰发生在上午(07:00-11:00),低谷一般发生在夜间(23:00-03:00)．协方差分析（昼夜为协变量）表明：水温的昼夜变化(28-35℃)对蜕壳并没有显著的影响(F_7,11=1.99,P=0.1467),在水温高达 35℃时蜕壳仍然能顺利进行,蜕壳下限温度在14℃左右。     

基于空间统计学的空间数据窗口大小的确定

提出基于空间统计学的方法来确定空间数据窗口大小,实例证明是可行的。同时提出了对海底照片成像不均匀光照进行纠正的思路和方法,该方法简单有效,效果较理想。     

遥感影像变分Mask自适应匀光算法

针对Mask匀光法对低通滤波器及其尺寸参数依赖的问题,提出一种变分Mask自适应匀光算法。根据影像自身的先验信息,结合Mask数学模型构造变分能量函数,分别利用各向异性和各向同性全变分正则项约束理想影像和背景影像,采用分裂Bregman方法交替迭代求解,可同时获取最优化背景影像和理想影像。利用3幅光照不均匀的遥感影像进行实验并与3种不同滤波尺寸的Mask匀光法进行了比较,本文方法在目视效果和定量评价指标上均呈现明显的优势,在消除亮度不均的同时能够保持影像的纹理和细节信息。