Impact of Doppler Radar Wind in Simulating the Intensity and Propagation of Rainbands Associated with Mesoscale Convective Complexes Using MM5-3DVAR System

Pre-monsoon rainfall around Kolkata (northeastern part of India) is mostly of convective origin as 80% of the seasonal rainfall is produced by Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). Accurate prediction of the intensity and structure of these convective cloud clusters becomes challenging, mostly because the convective clouds within these clusters are short lived and the inaccuracy in the models initial state to represent the mesoscale details of the true atmospheric state. Besides the role in observing the internal structure of the precipitating systems, Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) provides an important data source for mesoscale and microscale weather analysis and forecasting. An attempt has been made to initialize the storm-scale numerical model using retrieved wind fields from single Doppler radar. In the present study, Doppler wind velocities from the Kolkata Doppler weather radar are assimilated into a mesoscale model, MM5 model using the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system for the prediction of intense convective events that occurred during 0600 UTC on 5 May and 0000 UTC on 7 May, 2005. In order to evaluate the impact of the DWR wind data in simulating these severe storms, three experiments were carried out. The results show that assimilation of Doppler radar wind data has a positive impact on the prediction of intensity, organization and propagation of rain bands associated with these mesoscale convective systems. The assimilation system has to be modified further to incorporate the radar reflectivity data so that simulation of the microphysical and thermodynamic structure of these convective storms can be improved.     

基于模糊Hopfield神经网络的大气降水粒子分类

提出基于模糊Hopfield神经网络的大气降水粒子分类,它是通过计算样本间的模糊关系的相似程度,再加上Hopfield网络所特有的高稳定性,对大气降水粒子进行分类.通过对各降水粒子所对应雷达回波数据的分析,验证了方法的可行性.     

华南飑线系统对流与层云区闪电起始和通道位置处的云微物理特征

利用广州S波段双偏振雷达观测数据和低频电场探测阵列三维闪电定位数据,分析了2017年5月4日和5月8日华南地区两次飑线过程中闪电起始和通道位置处的雷达偏振参量和降水粒子特征.两次飑线中约80％的闪电起始和通道(统称闪电放电)定位于对流区.对流区闪电放电位置处的雷达反射率(ZH)要比层云区平均大4～5 dBZ,其它偏振参...     

利用Y模式建立雷达初步判别不同降水散落物系统

利用Y模式，对农七师奎屯和乌苏的两部XDR—X型711数字化雷达1998～2000年的回波资料，进行不同降水散落物判别运算后，结果准确率达80％以上。因此，利用Y模式建立雷达初步判别不同降水散落物系统具有较高的实际使用价值。     

3836C波段双线偏振多普勒雷达及其在一次降水过程中的应用研究

该文介绍了2004年完成的在北京市气象局升级改造后的3836C波段双线偏振多普勒雷达的技术状况, 并通过对2004年11月9日北京地区一次大范围层状云降水观测资料的分析, 讨论了其探测资料的质量情况和对降水粒子的探测性能, 同时还根据零度层亮带内不同相态降水粒子的散射和空间取向等特征建立了一种利用双线偏振雷达观测资料识别零度层亮带的方法, 并利用该雷达的观测资料对识别结果做分析检验, 最后讨论了零度层亮带内各种降水粒子相态的变化规律。研究结果表明:除线性退极化比L_DR未作分析外, 3836雷达探测到的这次降雨过程的分析结果与国外双线偏振雷达的研究结果相似, 其对降水粒子相态结构的反映比较有效合理。建立的零度层亮带识别模式合理, 识别得到的结果能反映零度层亮带的特征。通过对零度层亮带内各偏振参数的变化特点分析, 从双偏振雷达测量参数的角度解释了“零度层亮带”现象的形成是由于在零度层以下的冰相粒子融化成大雨滴然后再裂碎为小雨滴, 从而造成在该层内水平偏振反射率因子Z_H、差分反射率因子Z_DR先增大后减小、水平/垂直偏振波零延迟相关系数ρ_hv (0) 先减小后增大的规律。     

Background Error Covariance Statistics of Hydrometeor Control Variables Based on Gaussian Transform

Use of data assimilation to initialize hydrometeors plays a vital role in numerical weather prediction(NWP).To directly analyze hydrometeors in data assimilation systems from cloud-sensitive observations,hydrometeor control variables are necessary.Common data assimilation systems theoretically require that the probability density functions(PDFs)of analysis,background,and observation errors should satisfy the Gaussian unbiased assumptions.In this study,a Gaussian transform method is proposed to transform hydrometeors to more Gaussian variables,which is modified from the Softmax function and renamed as Quasi-Softmax transform.The Quasi-Softmax transform method then is compared to the original hydrometeor mixing ratios and their logarithmic transform and Softmax transform.The spatial distribution,the non-Gaussian nature of the background errors,and the characteristics of the background errors of hydrometeors in each method are studied.Compared to the logarithmic and Softmax transform,the Quasi-Softmax method keeps the vertical distribution of the original hydrometeor mixing ratios to the greatest extent.The results of the D′Agostino test show that the hydrometeors transformed by the Quasi-Softmax method are more Gaussian when compared to the other methods.The Gaussian transform has been added to the control variable transform to estimate the background error covariances.Results show that the characteristics of the hydrometeor background errors are reasonable for the Quasi-Softmax method.The transformed hydrometeors using the Quasi-Softmax transform meet the Gaussian unbiased assumptions of the data assimilation system,and are promising control variables for data assimilation systems.     

Application of Radar Reflectivity Factor in Initializing Cloud-Resolving Mesoscale Model. Part Ⅰ: Retrieval of Microphysical Elements and Vertical Velocity

Assuming that cloud reaches static state in the warm microphysical processes, water vapor mixing ratio(qv), cloud water mixing ratio (qc), and vertical velocity (w) can be calculated from rain water mixing ratio (qr)- Through relation of Z-qr, qr can be retrieved by radar reflectivity factor (Z). Retrieval results indicate that the distributions of mixing ratios of vapor, cloud, rain, and vertical velocity are consistent with radar images, and the three-dimensional spatial structure of the convective cloud is presented. Treating q,v saturated at the echo area, the retrieved qr is about 0.1 g kg-1, qc is always less than 0.3 g kg-1, w is usually below 0.5 m s-1, and rain droplet terminal velocity (vr) is around 5.0 m s-1 in the place where radar reflectivity factor is about 25 dBz; in the place where echo is 45 dBz, the retrieved qr and qc are always about 3.0 g kg-1, w is greater than 5.0 m s-1, and vr is around 7.0 m s-1. In the vertical, the maximum updraft velocity is greater than 3.0 m s-1 at the height of around 5.0 kin, the maximum cloud water content is about 3.0 g kg-1 above 5 km and the maximum rain water content is about 3.0 g kg-1 below 6 kin. Due to the assumption that the cloud is in static state, there will be some errors in the retrieved variables within the clouds which axe rapidly growing or dying-out, and in such cases, more sophisticated radar data control technique will help to improve the retrieval results.     

Influence of Mass and Radius of Ice Crystals on Hydrometeors,Internal Energy,and Kinetic Energy:A Numeric Model Study

Two cloud-scale experiments with two different ice-phase schemes were carried out for a precipitation event that occurred in eastern China in 2005.The results were analyzed to examine the influences of the change of ice-particle mass and radius on hydrometeors,internal energy,and kinetic energy,as well as the primary factors responsible.It was found that the ice content increases notably and the snow content decreases due to the change.This is the consequence of the modulation of cloud microphysical processes.In particular,the Bergeron process and the accretion of snow and cloud ice are markedly influenced.The differences of internal energy and kinetic energy between the two experiments are caused by adjustments to pressure-flux divergence,the coupling of temperature and divergence,and gravitational work,and the reason is that these three factors result in differences of local changes of internal and kinetic energy.     

Evaluation of WRF Model Hydrometeors Based on TMI Observations Using an Indirect Method

Using a microwave radiative transfer(MWRT) model with microwave brightness temperatures(TBs) observed from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) Microwave Imager(TMI),an indirect approach evaluated hydrometeors generated from the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model in the process of CHABA typhoon in August 2004.This study compares the simulated TBs generated from the microwave radioactive transfer model connected to the WRF model with the observed TBs derived from TMI and analyzes the differences between these TBs.The results indicate that the WRF model underestimates the amount and area of liquid and ice hydrometeors inside the typhoon center.The results also indicate relatively better agreement between the simulated and the observed TBs in the vertical polarization than in the horizontal polarization.     

TRMM卫星的闪电观测资料在中尺度数值模式中的Nudging同化应用研究

在以往研究的基础上,本文提出一种利用TRMM卫星闪电观测资料改善中尺度数值模式水物质初始场的Nudging同化技术,这是把物理初始化方法与Nudging同化方法相结合的一种技术.根据TRMM卫星闪电观测水平分布,对水汽和云凝结物进行Nudging同化,对积云对流参数化方案进行调整,改变模式初始水汽和云凝结物场的含量,以...