Numerical modelling of permafrost in bedrock in northern Fennoscandia during the Holocene

The occurrence of permafrost in bedrock in northern Fennoscandia and its dependence on past and presently ongoing climatic variations was investigated with one- (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) numerical models by solving the transient heat conduction equation with latent heat effects included. The study area is characterized by discontinuous permafrost occurrences such as palsa mires and local mountain permafrost. The ground temperature changes during the Holocene were constructed using climatic proxy data. This variation was used as a forcing function at the ground surface in the calculations. Several versions of the present ground temperature were applied, resulting in different subsurface freezing–thawing conditions in the past depending on the assumed porosity and geothermal conditions.Our results suggest that in high altitude areas with a cold climate (present mean annual ground temperature between 0°C and −3°C), there may have been considerable variations in permafrost thickness (ranging from 0 to 150 m), as well as periods of no permafrost at all. The higher is the porosity of bedrock filled with ice, the stronger is the retarding effect of permafrost against climatic variations.Two-dimensional models including topographic effects with altitude-dependent ground temperatures and slope orientation and inclination dependent solar radiation were applied to a case of mountain permafrost in Ylläs, western Finnish Lapland, where bedrock permafrost is known to occur in boreholes to a depth of about 60 m. Modelling suggests complicated changes in permafrost thickness with time as well as contrasting situations on southern and northern slopes of the mountain.Extrapolating the climatic warming of the last 200 years to the end of the next century when the anticipated increase in the annual average air temperature is expected to be about 2 K indicates that the permafrost occurrences in bedrock in northern Fennoscandia would be thawing rapidly in low-porosity formations. However, already a porosity of 5% filled with ice would retard the thawing considerably.     

关于多项式特征值的条件数

Tisseur(2000)研究了非齐次多项式特征值问题的条件数，所得结果的不足是对无穷特征值必须另外处理；Declieu和Tisseur(2003)运用微分几何方法研究了齐次多项式特征值问题的条件数，所得结果的不足之处是与系数矩阵的尺度化(scaling)有关。这两种条件数都有各自的应用范围。本文基于投影尺度引入齐次多项式特征值问题的条件数，其优点是与系数矩阵的尺度化无关，因而也许会有较广泛的应用。     

鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)在微冻保鲜过程中的质量变化

该文研究鲫鱼 ( Carassius auratus)在微冻 ( - 3℃ )保鲜过程中的质量变化规律。以感官评价、细菌总数、T- VBN值、p H值、ATPase活性、K值等作为质量指标。实验结果表明 ,微冻可以明显抑制细菌总数的增长 ,维持较低的 T- VBN和 K值。但是 ,微冻条件下鲫鱼的 ATPase活性下降速度较快     

青藏高原土壤水热分布特征及冻融过程在季节转换中的作用

利用GAME-Tibet期间所取得的高分辩率土壤温度和含水量资料，对青藏高原（主要是藏北高原）土壤水热分布特征及冻融过程在季节转换中的作用进行了分析。指出藏北高原4cm学深处土壤在10月份开始冻结，次年4-5月份开始消融，冻结持续时间长达5-7个月。冻结过程有利于土壤维持其水分，因此，在刚刚开始消融时土壤含水量仍然很高。从而为夏季风爆发前土壤通过蒸发向大气提供水分打下了基础。指出土壤冻融过程可能在高原季节转换中起着重要作用。     

冻土路基表面的融化指数与冻结指数

在冻土层之上筑路，由于会改变地-气界面的热物理特性，进而影响冻土层的热力→动力稳定性，故而修筑一定高度的路基成为保护冻土层所采取的一种常规措施．在修筑路基之后，与路基边坡的朝向有关的热效应是冻土路基工程保护措施必须考虑的问题．在数理分析与数值模拟分析的基础上，给出了可根据气温的年最大和最小月平均值计算路基表面的融化指数与冻结指数以及有关热状况参数的方法，并以青藏铁路北麓河段2002年为例进行了计算分析．实例分析表明，即便是没有修筑道路，北麓河地区的冻土也已经处于临界状态；路基相对的两个坡面，由于朝向不同会造成温度分布的强非均匀性，其中南和偏南方向与北和偏北方向的路基坡面热状况差异最大，有必要对路基相对的两个坡面采用不同的防护措施，一方面改善就地取土修筑路基对其下伏冻土层的直接不良影响，同时也尽可能减小路基表面温度分布的非均匀性，以避免纵向裂缝的发生。     

南京地铁联络通道冻结法施工措施分析

对南京地铁一期工程TA4标联络通道冻结法施工的成功经验进行了总结。指出地铁联络通道冻结法施工中,必须采取必要的施工技术措施,才能保证施工安全、顺利的进行。本工程的成功经验可供其他工程参考。     

土体冻结过程中的盐分场研究

As to salty soil, salt migrates with water in freezing soils, assembles and crystallizes continuously. Consequently the swelling of the soil volume leads to the phenomenon of salt heaving. It has a practical significance for solving salt-heaving and frost-heaving damage in engineering to deepen the understanding of salt heaving mechanism. In this paper a general overview about new research results at this aspect was presented. And then the study of salt migration and salt heaving mechanism and present salt heaving models were summarized. For further researching the field of salt transfer it is urgent to continually strengthen the salt migration and the numerical simulation study of salt heaving mechanism to expect perfecting the general evaluation of salt heaving prediction models so as to have a better service for engineering.     

类石材料--灰泥的冻融过程

Serious failure on the slope of rock ground can be caused by a cyclic action of freezing and thawing in the cold regions. The frost susceptibility and the effect of freezing and thawing onthe rock material, however, have not been well investigated. In order to find out the freezing effect on the rock materials, mortar specimens are frozen as a pseudo-rock material under the constant rate of freezing by means of controlling the temperature of both ends of specimen. The freezing process is given one-dimensionally to the cylindrical samples in the laboratory to simulate the in-situ freezing phenomena in the natural ground. Formation of ice lens, frost heave and water intake during freezing process are observed on the mortar specimen under constant freezing rate, which probably causes cracks or large deformation in the real rock ground. The values of the velocity of elastic wave propagation are compared before and after freezing process to estimate the degree of weathering due to freezing and thawing.     

人工土层冻结法加固在盾构出洞施工中的应用

软土地区盾构出洞施工中洞口土体易失稳、渗水,上海明珠线二期工程浦东大道站至张扬路站区间,隧道在盾构出洞施工中,为确保地面建筑及地下管线的安全及正常使用,首次采用了人工土层冻结加固,取得了良好的效果;本文介绍了该工程出洞口土体加固的方案选择、关键技术处理及实际取得的效果,并探讨了人工土层冻结加固在含水松软土层的地下工程中的应用前景.     

Multifield coupling model and its applications for pile foundation in permafrost

In the construction of Qinghai-Tibet railway,to avoid diseases caused by frost heave and thaw col-lapse of frozen ground,besides the normal bridges over the rivers,a lot of dry bridge structures have been built to replace subgrade in the regions of high tem-perature and high ice content frozen soil.So,the problems on forming mechanism of bearing capacity of pile foundation in cold regions already become one of hot spot problems in frozen soil engineering.Freezing force and frost heave force ar…