Predicting seasonal ocean variability around New Zealand using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model

We present a first assessment of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and 300m Heat Content (HC) ensemble mean skill of the Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator-Seasonal v1.0 (ACCESS-S1) around New Zealand on seasonal timescales, using a set of retrospective ensemble forecasts for 1990-2012. This was verified against Reynolds AVHRR analysis and Bluelink ReANalysis 3.5 (BRAN3.5). For inshore areas with depth <300m, the model shows skill forecasting for summer at a lead time of 0 months, with 66% and 65% of model grid cells having correlation coefficients exceeding 0.6 for SST and 300m HC respectively. Regions of lower skill seem to be associated with the model representation of the complex and variable frontal systems around New Zealand, and an overly-strong response to the El Niño Southern-Oscillation (ENSO). Nevertheless, the skill of ACCESS-S1 around New Zealand suggests there is potential for the development of useful seasonal forecast products for the region.     

1974—2020年珠江口外海海洋热浪变化趋势分析

基于珠江口大万山海洋站(21°56′N,113°43′E)观测的1974—2020年逐日平均海表温度(sea surface temperature,SST)资料,参照世界气象组织关于海洋热浪(marine heatwave,MHW)定义、强度分类标准及全球与北半球年平均表面温度资料,采用相关及对比方法,分析珠江口海洋热浪的变化趋势,结果表明:(1)近47年来珠江口每年都出现MHW事件,平均每年出现6.5次,最多年13次(2020年),且每年出现次数呈上升趋势,平均每次持续时间为11.7d,最长62d;(2)近47年来每年珠江口的MHW日数呈显著增加趋势,上升率为1.81d·a–1;(3)此时期各级MHW强度的出现日数占总出现日数的比例分别为中度18.92%,强烈53.24%,严重24.06%,极端3.77%;(4)珠江口MHW日数上升及出现极端MHW的主要原因可能与全球气候变暖、南海高压增强和季风减弱有关。预估未来珠江口的MHW日数还会呈现上升趋势。     

基于手机定位数据的深圳市热浪人口暴露度分析

热浪作为城市化特征灾害之一,严重影响着城市居民的生命健康。目前针对热浪的研究主要聚焦基于静态数据的时空模式、风险管理和脆弱性评价分析方向,对动态人口暴露度的研究尚少。论文基于手机定位数据,首先融合深圳市逐时人口与气温时空分布模型,揭示热浪动态人口暴露度水平;其次,构建基于7类城市兴趣点(point of interest,POI)与不同时段人口分布的地理加权回归模型,初步分析了热浪环境下POI对人群行为模式的影响机制。结果显示：① 相比于基准时段(2018年7月28日12:00~18:00),2018年7月26日至8月1日热浪平均辐射范围在7月29日以8.66倍速增长,至7月30日则以18.93倍速跃至峰值,覆盖区域整体呈现西部高于东部、南部低于北部的特征;② 人口在不同时段均表现为明显的带状聚集分布态势,且人口暴露度与气温和人口的动态演变紧密关联,其暴露度同热浪扩散幅度相似,总体呈2.29倍等比增长,辐射范围包括南山区、福田区、罗湖区等城市商业、工业、住宅中心人口密集区域;③ 同类POI在不同时刻、不同POI在相同时刻对人群减少热浪暴露的移动交互行为具有明显的时空驱动机制差异及选择偏好特征。在持续性城市化背景下,该研究方法可为同类的城市灾害人口暴露度分析提供一定的科学参考。     

西北太平洋夏季海洋热浪的变化特征及海气关系

全球增暖背景下更加频繁和持续的海洋热浪事件已经对生态和人类社会经济造成了严重影响。但对于海洋热浪的海气相互关系和对区域气候制作用的研究还十分有限。本文基于1982—2017年美国国家海洋和大气管理局逐日最佳插值海表温度和美国国家环境预测中心再分析资料, 采用经验正交函数展开等统计方法, 系统地分析了西北太平洋夏季海洋热浪的时空分布特征及与之相联系的海气关系。结果表明, 西北太平洋夏季海洋热浪日数和次数EOF(Empirical orthogonal function)第一模态在除黑潮和黑潮延伸区外的区域呈线性增加趋势, 第二模态则呈南北反向分布, 并具有明显的年代际变化特征。海洋热浪的最大强度、持续时间、累积强度第一模态也呈线性上升趋势, 最大强度和累积强度在高纬地区上升最多, 持续时间在黑潮和黑潮延伸区变化最明显。从海气关系的角度来看, 中低纬地区出现海洋热浪事件时, 海气之间主要表现为海洋对大气潜热感热通量的增加, 从而对周边区域大气环流产生影响; 而高纬度地区出现海洋热浪事件时, 海气之间则主要表现为大气对海洋的影响, 以长波辐射和感热通量变化为主。     

基于卷积神经网络的长江流域夏季日最高温度延伸期预报方法研究

长江流域是我国夏季高温热浪灾害的多发区之一,该地区日最高温度( T_max) 具有显著的低频( 10～30 d 和 30～60 d 周期) 变化特征,超前-滞后相关分析和气温方程诊断的结果显示,影响长江流域 T_max低频变化的大尺度环流/对流信号包含: 自欧亚大陆东移南下的低频波列,自东北亚向西南方向传播的异常环流,以及由西太平洋向东亚传播的低频对流; 这些低频对流/环流活动通过改变辐射加热过程及绝热过程,导致长江流域 T_max的低频变化。为了客观且有效地辨识和捕捉这些先兆信号,并考虑长江流域T_max与大尺度因子间的非线性作用,本文采用机器学习方法中的卷积神经网络( Convolutional Neural Netw ork,CNN) 对大量历史数据进行训练,并构建了长江流域 T_max的延伸期预报模型。在独立预报阶段,CNN 预报模型对长江流域区域平均 T_max的预报时效达 30 d,提前 5～30 d 预报的 T_max与观测 T     

河北地区高温热浪时空特征及其对工业、交通的影响研究

高温热浪是我国大部分地方的灾害性天气,特别是近几年,高温强度有所增强,对人类生活和生产均有不同程度的影响。该文选取高温日数、高温热浪频次、极端高温等指标,对河北地区1956-2009年高温热浪的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明:河北地区高温热浪由北向南逐渐增强,形成以南宫为中心的高温热浪中南部中心;近20年高温热浪发展较快,重度热浪尤为活跃,且河北地区高温热浪多发生在6月、7月,8月较少。在此基础上讨论了高温热浪对城市供电供水、工业生产和交通的影响,并提出了该区工业、电力及社会综合应对高温热浪的对策。     

Urban vulnerability and adaptation to heatwaves: a case study of Graz (Austria)

The increasing frequency of heatwaves, particularly in urban contexts, is one of the perceptible consequences of climate change. A city’s vulnerability to these heatwaves must be determined to develop proper adaptation measures. This article addresses the vulnerability of a medium-sized city in Central Europe, Graz, to heatwaves. Based on secondary data and primary data gathered from expert interviews, we identified certain determinants of vulnerability for the city: temperature, proportion of open and green spaces to developed areas, construction period of buildings, distribution of age and poverty risk, adaptation strategies used, and risk perception levels assessed for decision makers in the city administration. Certain city districts can be classified as particularly vulnerable. A high level of risk perception was detected among all decision makers and some adaptation measures have already been enacted. In particular, inter-organizational collaboration in adaptation networks works effectively. A deficit in efficient communication between researchers, policy makers, and members of the public was perceived to be the main barrier. This case study exemplifies the assessment of a city’s vulnerability to heatwaves on the basis of particular determinants and can be applied to many other cities.

Policy relevance

The method applied revealed potential improvements and opportunities on the policy level. Strong networks for climate change adaptation are most effective if regular meetings take place, allowing trust and friendship to grow between decision makers. More target-group-oriented information is needed. Emergency organizations, in particular, need more information, because the perception of heatwave risks has only been based thus far on personal experiences. By establishing a central authority, more information could be provided on heatwaves in cities. The need to raise the perception of members of the population and motivate them to take personal responsibility during disasters was emphasized by interviewed decision makers. This can be supported by providing advice during heatwaves through newspapers, TV, and radio. People in risk groups and their relatives could be trained in workshops. City areas that are at high risk should be marked on maps to make relevant information more tangible for decision makers.     

1960?2017年北部湾珊瑚礁区海洋热浪增强原因分析

在全球气候变化、区域气候因素的共同作用下,海洋热浪频发,北部湾珊瑚礁正处于快速退化之中。探究海洋热浪逐年增强的机制,对预测珊瑚礁未来生长环境具有重要意义。根据北部湾东部4个海洋站(北海、涠洲、海口、东方)实测海表温度历史资料和该海域的相关气候资料,选取SSTA、DHM、DHW、DHD 4种指标,采用相关分析和对比分析法探讨该海域近58年海洋热浪的变化趋势及原因,结果表明:(1)1960?2017年北部湾东部珊瑚礁区海洋热浪爆发的强度及频率逐年波动上升;(2)海洋热浪逐年增强源于全球性的厄尔尼诺事件增多、区域性的高压系统增强及风场减弱等多因素共同作用;(3)全球变暖背景下造成的海洋热浪爆发对北部湾东部海域的珊瑚礁生态系统已经造成不利影响。     

Linkage Between European and East Asian Heatwaves on Synoptic Scales

Concurrent extreme weather events in geographically distant areas potentially cause high-end risks for societies. By using network analysis, the present study managed to identify significant nearly-simultaneous occurrences of heatwaves between the grid cells in East Asia and Eastern Europe, even though they are geographically far away from each other. By further composite analysis, this study revealed that hot events first occurred in Eastern Europe, typically with a time lag of 3–4 days before the East Asian heatwave events. An eastward propagating atmospheric wave train, known as the circum- global teleconnection (CGT) pattern, bridged the sequent occurrences of extreme events in these two remote regions. Atmospheric blockings, amplified by surface warming over Eastern Europe, not only enhanced local heat extremes but also excited a CGT-like pattern characterized by alternative anomalies of high and low pressures. Subsequent downstream anticyclones in the middle and upper troposphere reduced local cloud cover and increased downward solar radiation, thereby facilitating the formation of heatwaves over East Asia. Nearly half of East Asian heatwave events were preceded by Eastern European heatwave events in the 10-day time range before East Asian heatwave events. This investigation of heatwave teleconnection in the two distant regions exhibits strong potential to improve the prediction accuracy of East Asian heatwaves.     

基于CiteSpace的海洋热浪研究可视化分析

在全球变暖的背景下,海洋热浪发生频率、强度、持续时间及空间范围均呈现出显著增长趋势,对海洋生物多样性和生态系统造成极为严重的破坏,引起了世界各国的广泛关注。CiteSpace是一款具有多元、分时、动态等优势特点的引文分析工具,可用于分析学科或知识领域的研究发展进程和结构关系。以海洋热浪为主题,基于Web of Sciences Core Collection数据库,利用CiteSpace对检索到的514篇相关文献(2012—2021年)进行可视化分析,全面揭示了海洋热浪研究领域的发展趋势、研究热点及前沿。研究发现,海洋热浪研究的发文量逐年增加,从2012年至今总体呈现平稳—缓慢上升—迅速增长三个阶段特征。美国和澳大利亚两国在海洋热浪研究中占主导地位。中国虽起步较晚,但在该领域中影响力不断增强。发文作者集中度较高,且发文量排名靠前的作者合作关系紧密,对该研究领域的发展起到了引领作用。海洋热浪研究所属学科主要集中于环境科学与生态学、海洋及淡水生物学、海洋学等。基于关键词共现、突变分析及文献共被引方法,发现当前研究的前沿热点方向主要包括海洋热浪特征、变率及物理机制,海洋热浪对海洋生态系统及生...