中国三个大地震的震源参数及讨论

大地震的震源机制及地震矩、应力降等参数,不(又对认识地震的破裂过程,而且对预报强地面运动都是非常重要的。一些文章对板内地震应力降的特点、地震矩与高频源谱的关系及区域特征的讨论,使我们可直接由长周期体波或面波得出的地震矩M₀估计出不同地区中大地震的高频源谱,以供强地面运动预报参考。 由于对发生在中国板内的1976年11月6日盐源地震（M_s=6.5）和1976年11月15日宁河地震（M_s=6.3）的震源参数还没有详尽的报道;另外,对1973年7月14日     

高粘性牛顿流体粘性耗散的快速计算方法

螺旋泵可用来输送高粘性液体，该过程中由于液体的温度升高而粘度降低，因而其粘性耗散不能忽略。本文介绍一种上述情况下计算液体粘度、泵的功率和压力降的近似公式。     

安宁河-则木河断裂带地震视应力研究

利用四川和云南数字遥测地震台网的数字地震记录资料。研究了包括地震视应力在内的震源参数。首先对资料进行预处理,然后计算地动位移和速度的功率谱积分,再计算地震辐射能量和视应力等震源参数。根据计算结果分震级区间研究了视应力值沿安宁河-则木河断裂带的分布情况,及该断裂带上中等地震的震源谱及参数差异,认为安宁河断裂带视应力相对更高。     

海洋温差发电系统中板式换热器换热特性研究

对传统可拆式板式换热器进行了改良,以适用于海洋温差能发电系统工况,并对改良后的板式换热器进行了理论数值分析。研建了海洋温差发电系统测试平台,对系统内的换热器换热特性进行测试,在不同工况下对换热器换热特性进行了实验研究,得到了板式换热器瞬态运行特性,同时还得到了换热器换热特性随热流密度的变化曲线及压降随工质流量的变化关系。结合实验数据拟合了换热器换热特性经验关联式和压降随工质流量关联式,预测值和实验值偏差均在20%以内。结果表明:在实验系统运行工况范围内,换热器的换热系数随着热流密度的增加而增大,当热流密度大于3 kW/m2时,换热系数随热流密度变化的曲线斜率变小;换热器压降随着工质流量增大而增加,压降随工质流量变化的曲线斜率变大。     

张家口—渤海地震带中小地震应力降分布特征

采用河北测震台网资料,分析了张家口—渤海地震带2008—2018年1220条ML≥2.0地震的应力降.结果表明,应力降可能与应力有关,并且随震级的增加而出现不同尺度的变化,该区域应力降优势分布为0.70—3.00 MPa.     

温度骤降对大黄鱼Larimichthys crocea鱼卵与仔鱼的影响

滨海电厂温排水停止排放以及季节更替、寒潮来袭等现象会引起海水温度降低,从而对鱼类等变温生物产生冷冲击效应。本研究通过模拟水温骤降情形,以孵化率、死亡率、畸形率等为指标,探讨了温度骤降对大黄鱼早期发育阶段(鱼卵和仔鱼)的冷冲击作用。研究发现,大黄鱼仔鱼(3日龄)对温度骤降的敏感性略高于鱼卵。在大黄鱼鱼卵和仔鱼的适温范围内,当水温由22 ℃骤降至19 ℃或16 ℃时,鱼卵的孵化率和死亡率无明显变化,而胚胎发育和仔鱼的生长发育均减缓,仔鱼的死亡率提高;水温超出适温范围,由22 ℃骤降至13 ℃或10 ℃时,对鱼卵和仔鱼造成致命的冷冲击伤害,48 h累积死亡率分别为84.6%~100%和72.1%~98.2%。由此推测:当水温骤降超出适温范围后,大黄鱼的早期发育阶段遭受致命的冷冲击伤害,从而影响种群补充和年龄结构。     

Re‐establishment of soil water repellency after destruction by intense burning in a Mediterranean heathland (SW Spain)

Soil water repellency has been conventionally considered as a fire‐induced effect, but an increasing number of studies have suggested that natural background repellency occurs in many soil types, and many of them have suggested that water repellency can be re‐established over time after being destroyed. An experimental fire was conducted to study changes of the soil surface during the first 18 months following intense burning. The main objectives of this paper are as follows: (1) to investigate in situ water repellency changes at three soil depths (0, 2 and 4 cm) immediately after burning; (2) to evaluate the medium‐term evolution of water repellency under field conditions; and (3) to outline the main hydrological consequences of these changes. Also, different water repellency tests (water drop penetration time, ethanol percentage test (EPT) and contact angle (CA) between water drops and the soil surface) were carried out for comparison purposes. Field experiments showed that soil water repellency was partly destroyed after intense burning. Changes were relatively strong at the soil surface, but diminished progressively with depth. Levels of water repellency were practically re‐established 18 months after burning. This suggests that water repellency in the studied area is not necessarily a consequence of fire, but can instead be a natural attribute. Finally, although limited in time, destruction of soil water repellency has important consequences for runoff flow generation and soil loss rates, and, indirectly, for water quality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

注水诱发地震的震源应力场和尾波衰减特征

利用区域性台网记录测定了任邱油田注水诱发地震的震源应力场和尾波衰减特征,结果表明地壳上层有很大水平应力,断层面解受注水井附近局部原生断层影响与华北现代应力场的优势破裂方向和错动方式有差别。地震应力降分布范围为0.2—3.0巴。平均尾波Q_0值为75,属于地壳上部沉积岩层的正常情况,发现在时间上表现出与注水量增减有关的波动。在空间上表现出震群密集区Q_0值较外围区偏低的特点     

An effective approach to determine the dynamic source parameters

In this study, we present a new and effective method to determine the dynamic source parameters (i.e., stress drop and strength distribution). We first assume that the kinematic source parameters, i.e., the slip and rupture time distributions on the fault plane, are known from the previous source inversion studies. Then, using the seismic source representation theorem we determine the dynamic stress field on a fault plane from known kinematic parameters. Finally, we determine the strength of the fault defined as the peak stress just before the rupture. We have tested the validity of this method by using an illustrative two-dimensional analytical example. To assess the applicability of this method, we have applied it to study the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake, and obtained consistent results with those ofMiyatake's (1992) andQuin's (1990). Compared with previous methods, this new method is simple, straightforward and accurate, and needs much less calculation. Therefore, it is expected to be useful in exploring the seismic source process.