Verification and Correction of Cloud Base and Top Height Retrievals from Ka–band Cloud Radar in Boseong,Korea

In this study,cloud base height(CBH) and cloud top height(CTH) observed by the Ka-band(33.44 GHz) cloud radar at the Boseong National Center for Intensive Observation of Severe Weather during fall 2013(September-November) were verified and corrected.For comparative verification,CBH and CTH were obtained using a ceilometer(CL51) and the Communication,Ocean and Meteorological Satellite(COMS).During rainfall,the CBH and CTH observed by the cloud radar were lower than observed by the ceilometer and COMS because of signal attenuation due to raindrops,and this difference increased with rainfall intensity.During dry periods,however,the CBH and CTH observed by the cloud radar,ceilometer,and COMS were similar.Thin and low-density clouds were observed more effectively by the cloud radar compared with the ceilometer and COMS.In cases of rainfall or missing cloud radar data,the ceilometer and COMS data were proven effective in correcting or compensating the cloud radar data.These corrected cloud data were used to classify cloud types,which revealed that low clouds occurred most frequently.     

地基主动式云自动观测设备外场比对试验

对2015年1—5月安装在中国气象局大气探测试验基地的Ka波段毫米波测云仪(HT101)和2种型号激光云高仪(CYY-2B、HY-CL51)进行比对试验。试验期间以L波段业务探空气球的入云和出云高度为云高标准,对测云仪从云体探测率、准确性、天气适应性等方面进行分析,结果表明:(1)毫米波测云仪的云体探测率最高;(2)以探空气球入云高度为标准,毫米波测云仪云底高度探测相对偏差最小;(3)毫米波测云仪有较强的云顶高探测能力;(4)毫米波测云仪天气适应性最强,在多层云、卷云、低能见度条件下HT101探测性能优于CYY-2B、HY-CL51。     

云底高度的地基毫米波云雷达观测及其对比

对2014年11月20日—12月31日中国气象局大气探测综合试验基地Ka波段毫米波云雷达、Vaisala CL51激光云高仪、L波段高空探测系统观测的云底高度进行对比分析。结果表明:在低能见度条件下,毫米波云雷达对云的探测能力明显优于激光云高仪,随着能见度的增加,两设备云探测能力差距在减小;毫米波云雷达与激光云高仪同时观测到有云时,二者观测的云底高度相关系数为0.92;毫米波云雷达与探空观测云底、云顶高度的相关系数分别为0.93和0.78;云雷达观测的云底高度均略低于激光云高仪和探空,云雷达观测的云顶高度略高于探空。     

地基热红外云高观测与云雷达及激光云高仪的相互对比

2008年5月至12月中美（美国能源部大气辐射测量（ARM）计划）联合利用ARM移动观测设施（AMF）在安徽省寿县进行了大气辐射综合观测试验,地基云参数观测仪器主要有:（1）云雷达（ARM W-band (95 GHz) Cloud Radar）,观测结果为反射率廓线,时间分辨率为2 s;（2）云高仪（Vaisala Ceilometer）,观测结果为云底高度和后向散射廓线,时间分辨率为15 s.两者均为天顶方向观测.扫描式全天空红外成像仪（SIRIS-1型）于11月27日～12月30日在寿县参加了观测,观测方式为全天空扫描,时间间隔为15分钟.三种云观测仪器共并行观测16天.利用全天空红外成像仪测得的天空红外亮温和同步观测的地面气象数据进行了等效云底高的反演.以全天空红外成像仪天顶方向观测时间前后15次云雷达反射率廓线的平均廓线,云高仪12次观测中有云时次云底高的平均值分别作为同步观测结果,利用平均反射率廓线进行了各层云的云底、云顶、回波峰值高度和回波积分值的提取和计算.三种观测仪器以10 km云底高为限,共同步观测1661次,其中云雷达、红外成像仪和云高仪分别观测到云:428,287,225次.本文分3种情况:（1）全部有云观测情况,（2）单层云,（3）双层及三层云,分别进行了三个仪器观测云高的对比.对比结果:情况（1）,云雷达与云高仪、云雷达与红外成像仪的相关系数分别为0.6和0.82;情况（2）,三者共同观测75次,云雷达与红外成像仪相关系数为0.85,与云高仪相关系数为0.53,标准差分别为0.88 和1.61 km;情况（3）,红外成像仪云底高绝大多数在云雷达观测的最上、最下层云之间,有时接近上层云,有时接近下层云.对比结果显示,地基热红外对于观测中低云高具有稳定、可靠、经济和便捷等优势,但观测结果较云雷达系统偏高.文中同时提出了初步的校正方法.     

基于激光云高仪的雾霾光学特性研究

利用2016年10月~2017年2月激光云高仪资料，分析了霾、雾、轻霾、轻雾、晴空等天气后向散射强度廓线特征，通过统计各高度层后向散射强度、后向散射强度垂直梯度的概率分布，分析了多种天气的气溶胶光学特性。结果表明：雾天气后向散射强度较霾天气大，雾厚度一般不超过300m。霾天气后向散射强度随着高度的增加减小缓慢，霾的厚度大于500m。与雾和轻雾相比，霾和轻霾天气垂直梯度绝对值取小值的概率较大。雾和轻雾天气400m高度以上垂直梯度绝对值较小，400m高度以下数值较大。由于霾区内粒子分布较均匀，雾区粒子分布起伏明显，雾区内后向散射强度忽大忽小，所以雾天气垂直梯度绝对值出现大值的概率较霾天气高。     

基于激光云高仪的北京沙尘气溶胶特征分析

利用激光云高仪对2015年春天北京沙尘天气过程进行连续观测,结合常规地面气象要素、能见度和PM_(10)颗粒物质量浓度变化分析了两次沙尘天气过程中浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴三类天气现象时气溶胶后向散射系数的时空分布特征,分析了云高仪后向散射系数与PM_(10)颗粒物质量浓度的相关性。结果表明:激光云高仪能够监测沙尘气溶胶粒子的时空变化,扬沙和沙尘暴期间后向散射系数随高度的增加而减小,后向散射系数在0.005 km~(-1)·srad~(-1)以上的沙尘层厚度约500 m;云高仪的近地面大气后向散射系数变化趋势与PM_(10)颗粒物浓度变化相同,10、50和100 m高度上的后向散射系数与PM_(10)颗粒物质量浓度的相关系数均在0.82以上。     

Cloud contribution to the daily and annual radiation budget in a mountainous valley

An automated-ventilated radiation station has been set up in a mountainous valley at the Logan Airport in northern Utah, USA, since mid-1995, to evaluate the daily and annual radiation budget components, and develop an algorithm to study cloudiness and its contribution to the daily and annual radiation. This radiation station (composed of pyranometers, pyrgeometers and a net radiometer) provides continuous measurements of downward and upward shortwave, longwave and net radiation throughout the year. The surface temperature and pressure, the 2-m air temperature and humidity, precipitation, and wind at this station were also measured. A heated rain gauge provided precipitation information. Using air temperature and moisture and measured downward longwave (atmospheric) radiation, appropriate formula (among four approaches) was chosen for computation of cloudless-skies atmospheric emissivity. Considering the additional longwave radiation during the cloudy skies coming from the cloud in the waveband which the gaseous emission lacks (from 8–13 μm), an algorithm was developed which provides continuous 20-min cloud information (cloud base height, cloud base temperature, percent of skies covered by cloud, and cloud contribution to the radiation budget) over the area during day and night. On the partly-cloudy day of 3 February, 2003, for instance, cloud contributed 1.34 MJ m^− 2 d^− 1 out of 26.92 MJ m^− 2 d^− 1 to the daily atmospheric radiation. On the overcast day of 18 December, 2003, this contribution was 5.77 MJ m^− 2 d^− 1 out of 29.38 MJ m^− 2 d^− 1. The same contribution for the year 2003 amounted to 402.85 MJ m^− 2 y^− 1 out of 9976.08 MJ m^− 2 y^− 1. Observations (fog which yielded a zero cloud base height and satellite cloud imaging data) throughout the year confirmed the validity of the computed data. The nearby Bowen ratio station provided the downward radiation and net radiation data. If necessary, these data could be substituted for the missing data at the radiation station. While the automated surface observing systems (ASOS) ceilometer at the Logan airport provides only the overhead cloud information, the proposed algorithm provides this information over the valley. The proposed algorithm is a promising approach for evaluation of the cloud base temperature, cloud base height, percent of skies covered by cloud, and cloud contribution to the daily and annual radiation budget at local and regional scales.     

Ceilometer observations of aerosol layer structure above the Petit Lubéron during ESCOMPTE's IOP 2

A modified ceilometer has been used during the second Intensive Observation Period (IOP) of the “Expérience sur Site pour COntraindre les Modèles de Pollution atmosphériques et de Transport d'Émission” (ESCOMPTE) to perform continuous remote observations of aerosol accumulations in the first 3 km of the atmosphere. These observations encompassed an episode of intense particulate and photochemical pollution. The submicronic particles density, measured at an altitude of 600 m, went from a very low point of a few tens of particles per cubic centimeter (at the end of a Mistral episode in the free atmosphere) to a high point of more than 4500 particles per cubic centimeter (when pollutants were trapped by thermal inversions).The main result is that this instrument enables a fine documentation of the mixing layer height and of aerosol particles stratifications and circulation. Airborne aerosol measurements have been made above the mountainous region of Mérindol in order to validate in situ the remote sensing measurements. Ozone measurements near the summit of the mountains as well as in the valley were performed in order to correlate aerosol accumulation and ozone concentration. As a notable example, the two-layer aerosol stratification seen in the first 2 days of IOP 2b in that part of the ESCOMPTE domain confirms the results of another team which used backtrajectories. The low-altitude pollution for this timeframe had a local origin (the Fos industrial area), whereas above 500 m, the air masses had undergone regional-scale transport (from north-eastern Spain).The second major result is the highlighting of a pattern, in sea breeze conditions and in this part of the ESCOMPTE experiment zone, of nocturnal aerosol accumulation at an altitude of between 500 and 2000 m, followed by high ozone concentration the next day.     

中低云云底高的地基红外遥感的初步分析

在辐射传输模拟结果分析的基础上,提出利用云底高与下行红外辐射之间的单调关系进行云底高遥感反演的算法,并结合激光测云仪云底高实测数据对算法进行了初步验证。结果表明,该算法对中低云云底高反演的平均误差为107 m,具有较高的准确性。     

云高自动化观测对比试验与数据分析

利用2011年12月至2012年6月北京观象台云高自动观测仪器对比试验数据,以微脉冲激光雷达(MPL)为参考、结合人工目测,对3台激光云高仪观测数据进行分析评价。分析2种天气条件(高能见度、低能见度)下漏判情况、误判情况和云高准确性3个方面;同时评价了激光云高仪对几种典型云属的探测能力。结果表明,激光云高仪与MPL一致性较好,大气中的雾、霾等气溶胶粒子是造成其测量不准确的主要原因,可通过提高激光发射单脉冲能量、优化光学系统来提高激光云高仪探测能力。