Comparison of Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder Biases Estimated Using Radio Occultation and Hurricane Florence(2018) Captured by NOAA-20 and S-NPP

The second Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder(ATMS)was onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)-20 satellite when launched on 18 November 2017.Using nearly six months of the earliest NOAA-20 observations,the biases of the ATMS instrument were compared between NOAA-20 and the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership(S-NPP)satellite.The biases of ATMS channels 8 to 13 were estimated from the differences between antenna temperature observations and model simulations generated from Meteorological Operational(MetOp)-A and MetOp-B satellites’Global Positioning System(GPS)radio occultation(RO)temperature and water vapor profiles.It was found that the ATMS onboard the NOAA-20 satellite has generally larger cold biases in the brightness temperature measurements at channels 8 to 13 and small standard deviations.The observations from ATMS on both S-NPP and NOAA-20 are shown to demonstrate an ability to capture a less than 1-h temporal evolution of Hurricane Florence(2018)due to the fact that the S-NPP orbits closely follow those of NOAA-20.     

Long-term Stability and Oceanic Mean State Simulated by the Coupled Model FGOALS-s2

We describe the long-term stability and mean climatology of oceanic circulations simulated by version 2 of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model(FGOALS-s2).Driven by pre-industrial forcing,the integration of FGOALS-s2 was found to have remained stable,with no obvious climate drift over 600 model years.The linear trends of sea SST and sea surface salinity(SSS) were 0.04°C(100yr)-1 and 0.01 psu(100yr)-1,respectively.The simulations of oceanic temperatures,wind-driven circulation and thermohaline circulation in FGOALS-s2 were found to be comparable with observations,and have been substantially improved over previous FGOALS-s versions(1.0 and 1.1).However,significant SST biases(exceeding 3°C) were found around strong western boundary currents,in the East China Sea,the Sea of Japan and the Barents Sea.Along the eastern coasts in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean,a warm bias(>3°C) was mainly due to overestimation of net surface shortwave radiation and weak oceanic upwelling.The difference of SST biases in the North Atlantic and Pacific was partly due to the errors of meridional heat transport.For SSS,biases exceeding 1.5 psu were located in the Arctic Ocean and around the Gulf Stream.In the tropics,freshwater biases dominated and were mainly caused by the excess of precipitation.Regarding the vertical dimension,the maximal biases of temperature and salinity were located north of 65°N at depths of greater than 600 m,and their values exceeded 4°C and 2 psu,respectively.     

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Testing potential bias in marine plankton respiration rates by dark bottle incubations in the NW Iberian shelf: incubation time and bottle volume

The accurate determination of the balance between plankton production and respiration in the ocean is important for C budgets and global change predictions. Disagreements on the measurement of such a balance at different scales (from microbiological to biogeochemical) have produced a controversy over the trophic status of the ocean. This is especially striking in the oligotrophic open ocean, where plankton community O₂ consumption rates in 24 h incubations have frequently produced a net heterotrophic balance, but similar difficulties emerge in coastal systems. These results have been criticised due to the possibility that the standard 24 h in vitro incubations are biased because of the long incubation time needed and the so-called “bottle effect”.To study the influence of the incubation time and bottle volume on the measurement of plankton net metabolism, we carried out several time series experiments in the NW Iberian coastal system. Here we present measurements of plankton community respiration rates concurrently obtained through (1) standard in vitro changes in dissolved oxygen concentration after different incubation times ranging from 2 to 48 h, and with bottle volumes of 50, 125 and 570 mL, and (2) the decrease in the oxygen concentration measured every 20 s with oxygen microsensors, during 48 h. Our results refute the contention that 24 h dark 125 mL bottle incubations are systematically biased, and highlight the validity of oxygen microsensors to study the dynamics of natural marine plankton respiration.     

BDS/GLONASS非组合精密单点定位模型与算法

在GPS非组合精密单点定位(PPP)模型的基础上,针对BDS和GLONASS系统各自的特点,分别提出了适用于BDS和GLONASS系统的非组合PPP模型,并在此基础上构建了BDS/GLONASS联合处理的函数模型.新模型中考虑了BDS系统GEO卫星伪距长周期多路径效应引起的系统性偏差(BDS GEO Multipath Bias,BGMB),将其作为参数进行估计;另外,新模型中还考虑了GLONASS系统伪距频间偏差(inter-frequency-biase,IFB),将其参数化为卫星频率号的线性函数,并通过参数重组得到了满秩的函数模型和可估参数的形式.选取了2015年年积日200~230共一个月的11个MGEX跟踪站数据来验证新模型与算法的正确性和有效性,结果表明:将BDS系统伪距BGMB当作参数估计能够显著提高BDS单系统非组合PPP的收敛速度,并能减小伪距残差;通过线性函数来模型化GLONASS伪距IFB能够显著提高GLONASS单系统PPP的收敛速度,并能在一定程度上减小伪距残差;1个月BDS/GLONASS非组合PPP定位误差RMS在北、东、高三个方向分别为6.9 mm、9.1 mm和19.3 mm,表明提出的BDS/GLONASS非组合PPP模型与算法具有良好的定位性能.     

C波段车载双偏振雷达Z_(DR)资料处理方法研究

本文介绍了车载双偏振雷达参数ZDR的处理方法,首先分析了信噪比SNR对ZDR参数的影响,得出信噪比SNR至少要18 d B,ZDR数据才可信;其次分析了雷达附近的不同类型遮挡物对ZDR参数的影响,结果表明,尖状的遮挡物容易造成ZDR正的偏差,房屋等遮挡物容易造成负偏差,而对树林等遮挡物,偏差的正负变化很大。随着遮挡程度的减小,ZDR的变化幅度变小;针对ZDR的系统误差,使用反射率因子结合ΦDP增量可以很好的进行计算,ZDR系统误差在短时间内变化不大,但是,随时间变化而逐渐变化,需要进行实时订正;最后,使用FIR滤波方法进行KDP参数计算并用于ZDR衰减订正,取得了不错的效果。针对业务应用,给出了实时处理ZDR参数的业务流程图。     

基于虚拟连接点模型的机载LiDAR系统安置误差自检校

利用激光扫描直接定位的严格模型,定量分析LiDAR系统安置误差对激光脚点定位精度的影响,设计了一种安置参数自检校方法提高LiDAR数据条带间相对精度,由于离散采样的激光脚点之间不存在真实的同名连接点,提出了虚拟点模型,将虚拟连接点与真实激光脚点联系起来,并定义了两组规则从激光脚点坐标计算出连接点坐标。采用安阳市内真实LiDAR数据进行试验,证明了本文介绍的自检校方法的可行性和有效性,获得的检校参数稳定有效,可直接对原始LiDAR条带进行纠正,补偿系统安置误差。     

论精密单点定位整周模糊度解算的不同策略

精密单点定位（PPP）一般基于非差GPS观测值,其中相位观测所含的初始相位偏差（Initial Phase Biases, IPBs）与整周模糊度不可分离,故各类PPP估值均为模糊度浮点解。目前,借助区域或全球GPS网分离卫星IPBs,改正PPP相位观测值,可实现PPP整周模糊度解算,进而提高各类估值精度,显著缩短收敛时间。常用算法包括：分解卫星钟差（分解钟差法）和非整相位偏差（非整偏差法）估计方法。本文从GPS原始观测值入手,推导了卫星IPBs估计的满秩函数模型,以此为基础对两种算法的特点及实施进行了对比分析。研究表明：分解钟差法是一种观测信息的最优利用,且与传统的卫星钟差估计方法具有较优的一致性,但未利用卫星IPBs较为稳定的有利约束;非整偏差法对组合观测值之间的相关性未加考虑,进而是一种次优估计,其实时性实施较差,且较依赖于高精度的码观测值。文中的新模型可有效克服上述两种算法的不足,便于施加部分参数的合理时变性约束,以提高卫星IPBs估计的可靠性。