A novel wide-field hard x-ray telescope

We discuss a hard x-ray telescope for the range 25–70 keV based on a one-dimensional lobster-eye telescope and x-ray supermirror coatings. This approach enables wide field-of-view imaging. A telescope suitable for a large balloon payload, with a 50×100 cm frontal area, could have an effective area of 50–100 cm² and a 10⁰×10⁰ field of view, and thereby detect AGN that are 0.5 milliCrab in the soft x-rays in a 10⁴ second exposure. 29% of the sky could be surveyed to this limit in a 2-week balloon flight, reaching 6 times fainter than the HEAO A-4 all-sky survey.     

GOES-16 ABI观测和ERA5全天空模拟亮温揭示的热带对流水平特征尺度对比分析

本研究通过将GOES-16 ABI观测亮温和ERA5再分析资料的全天空模拟亮温进行对比分析,发现观测亮温和模拟亮温对流低值区位置大体接近,也能够定性反映出对流从发展到减弱的日变化过程,但亮温低值区域的强度存在较大差异。即使把高分辨率ABI通道13观测亮温平均到ERA5分辨率(0.25°×0.25°),在热带对流区的低亮温强度仍然高于ERA5全天空模拟亮温。因此利用主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)和离散傅里叶变换(Discrete Fourier Transform,DFT)对任意选择的两对流区域内的观测和模拟亮温进行了尺度分析和对比。在其中对流较强的区域内,当ABI观测亮温的主成分分量从1增加到9时,水平特征尺度从700 km逐渐减小到150 km。ERA5全天空模拟亮温从主成分1增加到4时,水平特征尺度从950 km减小到270 km空间尺度,但当主成分4增加到9时,特征尺度几乎不变。在对流较弱的另一区域也能够发现ERA5模拟亮温对对流水平特征尺度有明显高估。ERA5模拟亮温各主成分的相位和观测亮温存在2 h以内的误差。由于ERA5全天空...     

全天空数字相机观测云量的初步研究

采用带有鱼眼镜头的数字相机拍摄全天空图像,对图像进行处理并分析,实现根据图像获取云量的目的。介绍了工作的基本原理和方法并给出初步实验结果。结果表明,用目前分析图像所获取的算法计算云量（与观测员记录相比）,平均误差在15％以内,结果的准确度受地面能见度影响较大,对能见度达15km以上的图像分析效果最好。     

云的移动轨迹成像模拟及云量变化分析

以全天空数字成像仪的等角投影成像原理为基础，将云型简化为正方体及圆柱体云体。模拟了相同云体在不同空间位置的移动轨迹情况，对其所占面积变化（云量）进行了计算，并对云在移动过程中云体侧面成像情况做了分析研究。结果表明，云量随空间位置变化情况与云的宽高比相关，当宽高比大于某一值时云量随天项角（云所处位置）的增大先增大而后减小，反之则随着天顶角的增大而减小。     

Satellite All-sky Infrared Radiance Assimilation: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives

Satellite infrared(IR)sounder and imager measurements have become one of the main sources of data used by data assimilation systems to generate initial conditions for numerical weather prediction(NWP)models and atmospheric analysis/reanalysis.This paper reviews the development of satellite IR data assimilation in NWP in recent years,especially the assimilation of all-sky satellite IR observations.The major challenges and future directions are outlined and discussed.     

Calibration and Validation of an All-Sky Imager

The automatic all-sky imager developed by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, provides all-sky visible images in the red, green, and blue channels. This paper presents three major calibration experiments of the all-sky imager, geometric angular calibration, optical calibration, and radiometric calibration, and then infers an algorithm to retrieve relative radiance from the all-sky images. Field experiments show that the related coefficient between retrieved radiance and measured radiance is about 0.91. It is feasible to use the algorithm to retrieve radiance from images. The paper sets up a relationship between radiance and the image, which is useful for using the all-sky image in numerical-simulations that predict more meteorological parameters.     

全天空图像分析西藏羊八井2009～2010年云量特征

运用西藏羊八井观测站2009～2010年近1年的高时空分辨率全天空图像资料分析了测站上空的日间云量特征。年平均总云量统计结果为5.2;冬夏季节云量分布差别明显,夏季平均云量大,冬季小;无云、少云天气多出现在冬季上午,而夏季午后满云情况较多;1～4月及11、12月(冬半年)云量日变化特征明显,上午逐步增加,至17:00(北京时间)左右到达高值,随后逐步下降,形成白天云量渐多夜间云量消散的"循环"过程。运用该地资料还分析了运用时间概率方法估算的点云量与实际云量的差异,小时平均结果显示无云及满云天气条件下二者云量一致性较高,而对中等云量天气二者相差较大。更长时间尺度(天平均)的统计对比表明,随着统计样本增加二者差距缩小。总体来看少云天气情况下点概率云量估算低于实际天空云量,当天空多云时点概率云量则大于实际天空云量。     

Evaluation of All-Sky Assimilation of FY-3C/MWHS-2 on Mei-yuPrecipitation Forecasts over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin

正1School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610025, China2International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China     

Assimilating All-sky Infrared Radiances from Himawari-8 Using the 3DVar Method for the Prediction of a Severe Storm over North China

Although radar observations capture storm structures with high spatiotemporal resolutions, they are limited within the storm region after the precipitation formed. Geostationary satellites data cover the gaps in the radar network prior to the formation of the precipitation for the storms and their environment. The study explores the effects of assimilating the water vapor channel radiances from Himawari-8 data with Weather Research and Forecasting model data assimilation system(WRFDA) for a severe storm case over north China. A fast cloud detection scheme for Advanced Himawari imager(AHI)radiance is enhanced in the framework of the WRFDA system initially in this study. The bias corrections, the cloud detection for the clear-sky AHI radiance, and the observation error modeling for cloudy radiance are conducted before the data assimilation. All AHI radiance observations are fully applied without any quality control for all-sky AHI radiance data assimilation. Results show that the simulated all-sky AHI radiance fits the observations better by using the cloud dependent observation error model, further improving the cloud heights. The all-sky AHI radiance assimilation adjusts all types of hydrometeor variables, especially cloud water and precipitation snow. It is proven that assimilating all-sky AHI data improves hydrometeor specifications when verified against the radar reflectivity. Consequently, the assimilation of AHI observations under the all-sky condition has an overall improved impact on both the precipitation locations and intensity compared to the experiment with only conventional and AHI clear-sky radiance data.     

Preliminary Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth from All-sky Images

The relationship between the radiance ratio (radiance at wavelength 450 nm to 650 nm) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) is analyzed in this paper by numerical simulation and a "LUT" (look-up table) approach is then presented for the retrieval of AOD from the radiance ratio. In this LUT approach, the AOD retrieval error depends mainly on the assumption of aerosol types. From the preliminary simulation, a typical error of 15%–20% in AOD obtained from the radiance ratio is estimated, due to neglecting changes in...