成都地区大气平均温度建模及其在GPS/PWV计算中的应用研究

地基GPS气象学的关键技术是在于通过垂直方向上GPS信号的湿分量延迟值来确定大气可降水量-PWV,而这两个物理量间进行转换时需要用到一个关键性的参数——大气加权平均温度。本文首先讨论了估算加权平均温度的几种方法,然后利用成都地区2005年全年的大气探空数据,采用回归分析方法,建立了适合成都地区的大气加权平均温度模型,精度为±2.21K。最后将该公式应用到成都地区PWV的计算中,得到了非常理想的效果。     

江淮梅雨异常的大气环流特征

江淮梅雨是我国夏季风雨带向北推进期中的一个重要阶段。利用江苏省气象局提供的江淮地区1954—2001年入梅日期、出梅日期和梅雨量资料,详细讨论了江淮梅雨丰、枯梅年同期大气环流的差异。结果表明:丰梅年高层100 hPa南亚高压呈纬向分布,高压强度增强。中层500 hPa极涡强度增强,乌拉尔山高压脊强度增强,鄂霍茨克海阻塞高压强度增强,蒙古高压增强,东亚大槽位置较常年偏东偏南,120°E副热带高压脊线位于20°~25°N之间。低层850 hPa南半球越赤道气流抵达北半球后向北偏西方向伸展,与来自阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾的西南气流和副热带高压西南侧的东南气流在南海北部汇合,在我国江淮流域形成一条准东—西向的强风速辐合带,一直延伸到国际日界线附近。丰梅年低层辐合增强,高层辐散增强,高低层抽吸作用增强,垂直运动增强,对流旺盛,有利于梅雨的异常偏多;枯梅年则反之。     

利用地基遥感方法监测大气中汽态、液态水含量分布特征的分析

文章根据1992～1994年4～6月间利用北京大学研制的新一代双通道共天线地基微波辐射计在河北省石家庄等地的监测资料,分析了晴空、有云无雨两种天气条件下,大气中积分汽态水、液态水含量的分布特征,两种相态大气含水量的相对分布特点。结果表明,在有云无雨的天气条件下,云中液态水积分含量仅占大气中总水量的1%,说明作为人工增雨资源条件的云中液态水含量仅占大气总水量的一小部分。因此,分析认为,以往通常采用大气中水汽含量评估人工增雨资源条件的方法,存在着不确切性。     

台风倒槽影响下邯郸大暴雨过程分析

从天气系统背景、FY-2C卫星产品、水汽通量分布特征和大气稳定度特征等方面,分析了受台风低压倒槽与东移锋面云系的共同影响,于2005年7月21日夜间到23日邯郸市出现的大范围的暴雨天气,结果发现:500hPa槽前中尺度切变线是直接影响产生暴雨的重要系统;地形作用使迎风坡降水增强;中尺度对流云团和雨团关系密切,暴雨中心位于OLR和TBB低值区下面;西部山区的暴雨区水汽主要来源于南海、东海,东部平原大暴雨水汽主要来源于南海;暴雨区上空低层为对流不稳定,高层为对称不稳定。     

东亚夏季风期间水汽输送与西北干旱的关系

利用西北(区)168个测站1961—2000年6～9月月平均降水与温度资料,采用EOF、REOF方法分析了近40年降水异常特征,同时利用同期NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,分析了强(弱)夏季风年西北区水汽通量场的特征及夏季风西北影响区的净水汽通量。结果表明:西北区6～9月降水可分为7个气候异常区;东亚夏季风对我国降水的影响主要位于100°E以东的地区;东亚夏季风西北影响区降水的水汽来源于南风水汽通量;强夏季风年,到达东亚夏季风西北影响区的水汽通量显著增加,该区降水偏多,弱夏季风年则反之。     

一次大雾天气过程的分析

利用高空、地面探测资料以及卫星云图和天气雷达资料,对2007年11月6日清晨至上午发生在通辽市科尔沁区及通辽市南部科左后旗的一次大雾天气进行了分析。结果表明:这次大雾为辐射雾,因前一日通辽市南部受低空高压脊外围的影响,西南气流将渤海以及南方的水汽输送上来,使通辽市南部有了充沛的水汽储备,加之地面形势以均压区为主,气压梯度小,风速弱,晴朗少云,近地面有逆温层,这些都为辐射雾的形成提供了很好的条件,另外从多普勒雷达产品上也反映了一些雾的特征。     

Vapour Equilibrium and Osmotic Technique for Suction Control

The vapour equilibrium method and osmotic technique have gained widespread acceptance as reliable methods for controlling relative humidity and thereby suction in soil specimens. The ability to impose suction on soil specimens allows for drying and wetting stress paths to be imposed to evaluate resulting changes in strength, deformation and flow characteristics. The two methods presented and discussed in this paper have been adapted for use with a number of traditional laboratory tests including the oedometer, direct shear and triaxial tests. This report provides a summary of some recent developments and knowledge regarding the use of these techniques highlighting the limitations and drawbacks of the methods.     

一次华西秋季大暴雨的水汽分析

通过对1998年9月15～17日四川盆地北部、西部大暴雨过程的水汽分析,得出几点认识,在这次暴雨过程中,(1)对流层低层的主要水汽源是在南海,东海、孟加拉湾也有水汽输送;对流层中上部有从印度洋输送到青藏高原,再伸展到四川盆地的水汽。(2)在对流层低层有较强的水汽辐合,反映了这次暴雨是在深厚的水汽层内且低层有较强水汽辐合中产生的。(3)暴雨强度的变化与对流层中上部印度洋水汽输送到高原上空与否密切相关,印度洋水汽输送到(撤离)高原上空对华西暴雨发展(减弱)有指示意义。     

A method for determining thermophysical properties of organic material in aqueous solutions: Succinic acid

A method for determining evaporation rates and thermodynamic properties of aqueous solution droplets is introduced. The method combines evaporation rate measurements using modified TDMA technique with data evaluation using an accurate evaporation model. The first set of data has been collected and evaluated for succinic acid aqueous solution droplets.Evaporation rates of succinic acid solution droplets have been measured using a TDMA system at controlled relative humidity (65%) and temperature (298 K). A temperature-dependent expression for the saturation vapour pressure of pure liquid phase succinic acid at atmospheric temperatures has been derived by analysing the evaporation rate data with a numerical model. The obtained saturation vapour pressure of liquid phase succinic acid is ln(p) = 118.41 − 16204.8/T − 12.452ln(T). The vapour pressure is in unit of Pascal and the temperature in Kelvin. A linear expression for the enthalpy of vaporization for liquid state succinic acid is also presented.According to the results presented in the following, a literature expression for the vapour pressure of liquid phase succinic acid defined for temperatures higher than 461 K [Yaws, C.L., 2003. Yaws' Handbook of Thermodynamic and Physical Properties of Chemical Compounds, Knovel] can be extrapolated to atmospheric temperatures with very good accuracy. The results also suggest that at 298 K the mass accommodation coefficient of succinic acid is unity or very close to unity.     

Stable isotope evidence of dual (Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal) vapour sources in monsoonal precipitation over north India

High resolution time series data of hydrogen (δD) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) isotope values of precipitation have been generated for the first time at Kolkata, eastern India where the summer monsoon clouds from Bay of Bengal (BOB) commence their journey over India. Use of a Rayleigh cum two component mixing model and comparison of Kolkata data with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)–Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) data base of New Delhi suggest that the precipitation at New Delhi cannot be explained by simple continental effect of a BOB vapour source alone, traveling and raining successively along Kolkata–New Delhi route. It is necessary to invoke an admixture of  20% vapour originating from the Arabian sea with the vapour coming from BOB and finally causing summer monsoon rains at New Delhi. The findings have major implications to the regional water vapour budget over India.